1939 Guerra Età contemporanea Polonia
Invasion and occupation
Invaded by Germany then the USSR, Poland loses nearly a fifth of its population.
Una storia comune
La costruzione europea non è cominciata nel 1950. Questo filo unisce l’eredità antica, la matrice giudaico-cristiana e l’Unione contemporanea.
326
eventi
3600 a.C.
primo riferimento
46
paesi rappresentati
0
già discussi
Densità degli eventi
Un secolo per barra prima del 1500, poi un decennio: gli archivi non si distribuiscono in modo uniforme.
1930 :
2 eventi
1940 :
10 eventi
1950 :
7 eventi
1960 :
10 eventi
1970 :
10 eventi
1980 :
15 eventi
1990 :
29 eventi
2000 :
17 eventi
2010 :
10 eventi
2020 :
16 eventi
Grecia antica
Alto Medioevo
Rinascimento
Illuminismo
Concerto europeo
Costruzione europea
Roma
Basso Medioevo
Riforma e guerre di religione
Età delle rivoluzioni
Guerre mondiali
Guerra fredda
1930
1979
2029
126 eventi
1925 1949
Guerre mondiali 12 eventi1939 Guerra Età contemporanea Finlandia
Winter War
Facing Soviet invasion, Finnish resistance saves independence at the cost of Karelia.
1941 Guerra Età contemporanea Bielorussia
Occupation and destruction
A quarter of the population perishes; hundreds of villages are razed.
1942 Evento Età contemporanea Malta
George Cross
King George VI decorates the entire island for its endurance under bombardment.
1943 Evento Età contemporanea Bulgaria
Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews
Under pressure from the Orthodox Church and parliamentarians, deportation is cancelled.
1943 Evento Età contemporanea Danimarca
Rescue of the Danish Jews
In a few nights, more than 7,000 Jews are evacuated to neutral Sweden.
1944 Evento Età contemporanea Islanda
Proclamation of the Republic in Iceland
On 17 June, at Þingvellir, Iceland breaks the link with the Danish crown.
1944 Evento Età contemporanea San Marino
Sheltering refugees
The neutral republic houses more than 100,000 people, ten times its population.
1944 Evento Età contemporanea Paesi Bassi
Benelux customs union
Signed in London by the governments in exile, it prefigures the common market.
1944 Guerra Età contemporanea Slovacchia
Slovak National Uprising
One of the largest armed revolts against the Axis in occupied Europe.
1949 Testo Età contemporanea Germania
Bonn Basic Law
“Human dignity shall be inviolable”: Article 1 places the person — a Christian and humanist legacy — at the summit of the legal order.
1949 Istituzione Costruzione europea
Council of Europe
Ten states found in London the first European political organisation, matrix of the Convention on Human Rights.
1950 1974
Costruzione europea 24 eventi1950 Testo Costruzione europea
Schuman Declaration
On 9 May France proposes placing coal and steel under a common authority. Community Europe is born of a material pooling.
1951 Trattato Costruzione europea
Treaty of Paris — ECSC
Six states create the European Coal and Steel Community, the continent’s first supranational institution.
1952 Guerra Costruzione europea Lussemburgo
Seat of the High Authority
Europe’s first supranational institution settles in Luxembourg.
1955 Trattato Età contemporanea Austria
Austrian State Treaty
The four powers withdraw; Austria proclaims perpetual neutrality.
1956 Guerra Età contemporanea Ungheria
Budapest uprising
The revolt is crushed by the Red Army; 200,000 Hungarians go into exile.
1957 Evento Costruzione europea
Treaties of Rome
The EEC and Euratom are established; the common market and the four freedoms are laid down.
1957 Testo Costruzione europea Belgio
The Spaak Report
Belgian Paul-Henri Spaak drafts the preparatory text of the Treaties of Rome.
1960 Evento Età contemporanea Cipro
Independence of Cyprus
The Republic of Cyprus is born of a compromise between Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
1962 Religione Età contemporanea Città del Vaticano
Second Vatican Council
The Church reforms its liturgy and redefines its relations with the modern world and Judaism.
1963 Trattato Costruzione europea Francia
Élysée Treaty
De Gaulle and Adenauer seal Franco-German reconciliation, the institutional engine of integration.
1963 Trattato Costruzione europea Turchia
Ankara Agreement
Association with the EEC explicitly envisages an accession perspective.
1963 Testo Costruzione europea
Van Gend en Loos judgment
The Court of Justice asserts direct effect: Community law creates rights for citizens themselves.
1964 Evento Età contemporanea Malta
Independence of Malta
Malta leaves the British Empire and becomes a republic ten years later.
1967 Evento Età contemporanea Albania
Religion banned
Albania proclaims itself the world’s first atheist state; churches and mosques are closed.
1968 Evento Età contemporanea Cechia
Prague Spring
“Socialism with a human face” is crushed by Warsaw Pact tanks in August.
1968 Evento Costruzione europea
Customs union
Internal tariffs disappear eighteen months ahead of schedule.
1969 Scoperta Età contemporanea Norvegia
Discovery of Ekofisk
North Sea oil transforms the economy and founds the Norwegian sovereign wealth fund.
1973 Evento Costruzione europea Danimarca
Accession of Denmark to the Communities
The first Nordic member, Denmark enters alongside the United Kingdom and Ireland.
1973 Evento Costruzione europea Irlanda
Accession of Ireland to the Communities
Ireland joins with the United Kingdom and begins its economic transformation.
1973 Evento Costruzione europea Regno Unito
Accession of the United Kingdom to the Communities
After two French vetoes, the United Kingdom enters the EEC with Denmark and Ireland.
1973 Evento Costruzione europea
First enlargement
Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the Communities, which grow from six to nine.
1974 Evento Età contemporanea Portogallo
Carnation Revolution
On 25 April an almost bloodless military coup restores democracy.
1974 Evento Età contemporanea Cipro
Division of the island
The coup and Turkish intervention cut Cyprus in two; the Green Line crosses Nicosia.
1974 Evento Età contemporanea Kosovo
Constitutional autonomy
The Yugoslav constitution grants Kosovo near-republican attributes.
1975 1999
Costruzione europea 47 eventi1975 Trattato Costruzione europea Finlandia
Helsinki Final Act
Thirty-five states sign a text placing human rights at the heart of détente.
1978 Testo Età contemporanea Spagna
Democratic constitution of Spain
Three years after Franco, Spain adopts a parliamentary monarchy and a state of autonomies.
1979 Evento Costruzione europea
First European elections
For the first time citizens directly elect their MEPs; Simone Veil chairs the assembly.
1980 Evento Età contemporanea Polonia
Solidarity
At the Gdańsk shipyards the Soviet bloc’s first free trade union is born. Communism loses its workers’ legitimacy.
1980 Evento Età contemporanea Islanda
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir
Iceland elects the world’s first woman head of state by direct universal suffrage.
1981 Evento Costruzione europea Grecia
Accession of Greece to the Communities
As the tenth member, Greece anchors its restored democracy in Community Europe.
1984 Evento Età contemporanea Liechtenstein
Women’s suffrage
The last country in Europe to grant it, by a male-only referendum.
1985 Trattato Costruzione europea
Schengen Agreement
Five states sign on the Moselle an agreement progressively abolishing internal border controls.
1986 Evento Costruzione europea Spagna
Accession of Spain to the Communities
With Portugal, Spain joins the EEC: southern enlargement consecrates democratisation.
1986 Evento Costruzione europea Portogallo
Accession of Portugal to the Communities
Portugal joins the EEC on the same day as Spain and begins rapid economic catch-up.
1986 Catastrofe Età contemporanea Bielorussia
Chernobyl fallout
Nearly 70 % of the radioactive fallout lands on Belarusian territory.
1986 Trattato Costruzione europea
Single European Act
The internal market is scheduled for 1993 and qualified majority voting extended.
1988 Evento Età contemporanea Estonia
Singing Revolution
Three hundred thousand Estonians sing banned anthems together: dissent becomes massive.
1989 Evento Età contemporanea Romania
December revolution
The only violent fall of a European communist regime; Ceaușescu is executed on 25 December.
1989 Evento Età contemporanea Cechia
Velvet Revolution
In a few weeks and without violence the regime falls; Václav Havel becomes president.
1989 Evento Costruzione europea Ungheria
Pan-European Picnic
On 19 August Hungary opens its border with Austria: the first breach in the Iron Curtain.
1989 Evento Età contemporanea Lituania
Baltic Way
Two million people form a human chain from Tallinn to Vilnius.
1989 Evento Costruzione europea
Fall of the Berlin Wall
9 November opens German reunification and, in time, that of the continent.
1990 Evento Età contemporanea Germania
German reunification
A year after the Wall fell, the five eastern Länder join the Federal Republic and the European Community.
1990 Evento Età contemporanea Lituania
Independence restored
On 11 March Lithuania is the first republic to leave the USSR.
1991 Evento Età contemporanea Croazia
Independence of Croatia
The declaration of 25 June opens four years of war on Croatian territory.
1991 Guerra Età contemporanea Slovenia
Ten-Day War
Slovenia leaves Yugoslavia after the shortest of the decade’s conflicts.
1991 Evento Età contemporanea Lettonia
Independence of Latvia restored
After the Singing Revolution, Latvia regains its sovereignty.
1991 Evento Età contemporanea Estonia
Independence of Estonia restored
On 20 August Estonia again proclaims its sovereignty.
1991 Evento Età contemporanea Ucraina
Independence of Ukraine
More than 90 % of voters approve leaving the USSR on 1 December.
1991 Evento Età contemporanea Albania
End of the communist regime
After forty-seven years of isolation, pluralism is restored.
1991 Evento Età contemporanea Macedonia del Nord
Peaceful independence
The only Yugoslav republic to separate without war.
1991 Evento Età contemporanea Moldavia
Independence of Moldova
The republic proclaims sovereignty on 27 August, days after the Moscow putsch.
1991 Evento Età contemporanea Bielorussia
Independence of Belarus
The Belavezha Accords, signed in Belarus, formalise the dissolution of the USSR.
1992 Guerra Età contemporanea Bosnia ed Erzegovina
Bosnian War
The siege of Sarajevo lasts 1,425 days; Srebrenica is recognised as genocide.
1992 Trattato Costruzione europea
Maastricht Treaty
The European Union is created, with European citizenship and the timetable for the single currency.
1992 Evento Costruzione europea Svizzera
Rejection of the EEA
The people reject the European Economic Area; the bilateral path prevails.
1992 Evento Età contemporanea Moldavia
Transnistria conflict
A ceasefire freezes a de facto secession that has lasted more than thirty years.
1993 Testo Età contemporanea Andorra
Democratic constitution of Andorra
Andorra becomes a sovereign state under the rule of law and joins the UN the same year.
1993 Evento Età contemporanea Slovacchia
Independence of Slovakia
On 1 January the Slovak Republic is born of a negotiated, peaceful separation.
1993 Evento Età contemporanea Belgio
Federal Belgium
The fourth state reform enshrines in the Constitution a federal state of communities and regions.
1993 Evento Età contemporanea Cechia Slovacchia
Velvet Divorce
Czechia and Slovakia separate peacefully on 1 January, a rare case in Europe.
1994 Evento Costruzione europea Norvegia
Second rejection of membership
52.2 % of Norwegians reject Union entry; the EEA takes over.
1995 Evento Età contemporanea Bosnia ed Erzegovina
Dayton Accords
Peace establishes a two-entity state whose architecture still governs the country.
1995 Evento Costruzione europea Svezia
Accession of Sweden to the Union
With Austria and Finland, Sweden joins the EU; it will reject the euro by referendum in 2003.
1995 Evento Costruzione europea Liechtenstein
EEA accession
The principality joins the European internal market without entering the Union.
1995 Evento Costruzione europea Austria
Accession of Austria to the Union
Austria joins the EU by referendum and becomes a pivot towards Central Europe.
1995 Evento Costruzione europea
Nordic enlargement
Austria, Finland and Sweden bring the Union to fifteen members.
1998 Trattato Età contemporanea Irlanda
Good Friday Agreement
Thirty years of conflict end; the Irish border becomes invisible.
1999 Guerra Età contemporanea Kosovo
NATO intervention
After months of conflict, the territory passes under United Nations administration.
1999 Trattato Costruzione europea Turchia
Candidate status for Türkiye
The Helsinki European Council recognises Türkiye as a candidate country.
1999 Evento Costruzione europea
Birth of the euro
Eleven currencies are irrevocably fixed; the European Central Bank takes up its functions.
2000 2024
Costruzione europea 39 eventi2002 Evento Costruzione europea
Euro notes and coins
Three hundred million Europeans change currency on 1 January.
2002 Evento Costruzione europea Montenegro
Unilateral euro adoption
Without being in the euro area, the country makes the euro its official currency.
2002 Trattato Età contemporanea Monaco Francia
Friendship treaty with France
The text modernises the bilateral relationship and secures dynastic succession.
2004 Evento Costruzione europea
The big bang enlargement
Ten states, eight of them formerly communist, join the Union: the continent’s division ends.
2004 Evento Costruzione europea Polonia
Accession of Poland to the Union
With nine other states, Poland joins the EU: the political reunification of the continent.
2004 Evento Costruzione europea Slovenia
Accession of Slovenia to the Union
The only former Yugoslav republic in the great enlargement of 2004.
2004 Evento Costruzione europea Cipro
Accession of Cyprus to the Union
Cyprus joins the EU; the acquis remains suspended in the northern part of the island.
2004 Evento Costruzione europea Malta
Accession of Malta to the Union
The smallest member state joins the EU and adopts the euro four years later.
2005 Scoperta Età contemporanea Estonia
First national online vote
Estonia becomes the first country in the world to hold elections over the internet.
2006 Evento Età contemporanea Montenegro
Independence referendum
55.5 % of voters choose separation from Serbia.
2007 Evento Costruzione europea Romania
Accession of Romania to the Union
With Bulgaria, Romania joins the EU and becomes its eastern frontier on the Black Sea.
2007 Evento Costruzione europea Slovenia
Euro adoption in Slovenia
The first of the 2004 new member states to join the single currency.
2008 Testo Età contemporanea Kosovo
Declaration of independence
On 17 February Pristina proclaims independence; recognition remains partial.
2008 Catastrofe Età contemporanea Islanda
Banking collapse
The three big banks fail; the crisis leads to an EU application, withdrawn in 2015.
2008 Evento Costruzione europea Svizzera
Schengen entry
Without Union membership, Switzerland abolishes its border controls.
2009 Trattato Costruzione europea
Treaty of Lisbon
The Charter of Fundamental Rights becomes binding; Parliament becomes a full co-legislator.
2009 Evento Costruzione europea Slovacchia
Euro adoption in Slovakia
The first Visegrád economy to join the euro area.
2010 Catastrofe Costruzione europea
Sovereign debt crisis
The euro area urgently creates unprecedented financial solidarity mechanisms.
2011 Trattato Costruzione europea Andorra
Monetary agreement with the EU
The principality is authorised to mint its own euro coins.
2012 Trattato Costruzione europea Serbia
Candidate status for Serbia
Serbia becomes a Union candidate; negotiations open in 2014.
2013 Evento Età contemporanea Ucraina
Euromaidan
The refusal to sign the EU association agreement triggers months of protest.
2013 Evento Costruzione europea Croazia
Accession of Croatia to the Union
As the twenty-eighth member state, Croatia is the first Western Balkan country to enter.
2014 Evento Costruzione europea Lettonia
Euro adoption in Latvia
The lats gives way to the euro five years after one of Europe’s severest financial crises.
2015 Catastrofe Costruzione europea
Migration crisis
More than a million asylum seekers arrive in a single year; Schengen is put to the test.
2016 Evento Costruzione europea
British referendum
51.9 % of voters choose to leave the Union: a first in the history of European construction.
2017 Evento Età contemporanea Montenegro
NATO accession of Montenegro
The country joins the Alliance despite strong internal opposition.
2018 Trattato Costruzione europea Macedonia del Nord Grecia
Prespa Agreement
The compromise with Greece over the name unlocks thirty years of diplomatic deadlock.
2020 Evento Costruzione europea Regno Unito
Brexit
On 31 January the United Kingdom becomes the first state to leave the European Union.
2020 Evento Età contemporanea Bielorussia
2020 protests
Contestation of the presidential election is repressed; the EU does not recognise the result.
2020 Evento Costruzione europea
NextGenerationEU
Facing the pandemic, the Union borrows 750 billion jointly: a major break in its budgetary workings.
2020 Evento Età contemporanea Macedonia del Nord
NATO accession of North Macedonia
The country becomes the 30th member of the Atlantic Alliance.
2022 Trattato Costruzione europea Ucraina
Candidate status for Ukraine
Four months after the Russian invasion began, the European Council grants candidate status.
2022 Guerra Costruzione europea
War in Ukraine
The Russian invasion brings sanctions, the reception of millions of refugees and candidacies from Ukraine and Moldova.
2022 Trattato Costruzione europea Moldavia
Candidate status for Moldova
On 23 June Moldova becomes a Union candidate at the same time as Ukraine.
2022 Evento Costruzione europea Albania
Opening of negotiations
Union accession talks open, jointly with North Macedonia.
2023 Evento Età contemporanea Finlandia
NATO accession of Finland
On 4 April Finland doubles the Alliance’s land border with Russia.
2023 Evento Costruzione europea Croazia
Euro and Schengen
On 1 January Croatia joins the single currency and the free movement area on the same day.
2024 Evento Età contemporanea Svezia
NATO accession of Sweden
On 7 March Sweden becomes the 32nd ally, ending two centuries of neutrality.
2024 Evento Costruzione europea
2024 European elections
720 members are elected in 27 states; the right and sovereignist groups gain ground.
2025 2049
Costruzione europea 4 eventi2025 Evento Costruzione europea Romania
Full Schengen entry
Land border controls are lifted on 1 January, thirteen years after the first application.
2025 Evento Costruzione europea
Schengen at 29
The area has twenty-nine members: twenty-five Union states and four EFTA neighbours. Two member states remain outside — Ireland, by choice, and Cyprus, which has yet to join.
2026 Evento Costruzione europea Bulgaria
Euro adoption in Bulgaria
On 1 January the lev gives way to the euro: Bulgaria becomes the area’s 21st member.
2026 Evento Costruzione europea
Euro area at 21
Twenty-one of the twenty-seven member states now share the currency. Of the six outside, only Denmark holds an opt-out: the other five are legally bound to join, with no deadline.