Debt
What the state owes, to whom, at what maturity and at what price.
Public debt, % of GDP
109.1 %
European Union 82.9 %
+26.2 %
Public debt, in euros
706.6 bn €
10-year borrowing rate
3.8 %
European Union 3.9 %
−0.1 %
The rate at which the state borrows today, on the markets. It applies only to new debt.
Apparent cost of debt
2.3 %
What already-contracted debt actually costs: long debt still carries the rates of ten years ago, and takes just as long to absorb today’s.
Interest burden, % of GDP
2.2 %
European Union 1.9 %
+0.3 %
Government balance, % of GDP
-5.2 %
European Union -3.1 %
−2.1 %
A negative balance is a deficit. The figure covers general government — central, regional, local and social security — never the central budget alone.
This country European Union
This country European Union
This country European Union
This country European Union
- Held abroad 63,4 % 438.9 bn € 68.4 %
- Central bank 14,9 % 103.6 bn € 16.1 %
- Banks and money-market funds 11,5 % 79.5 bn € 12.4 %
- Insurers and pension funds 7,1 % 49.6 bn € 7.7 %
- Non-financial corporations 2,5 % 17.5 bn € 2.7 %
- Households 0,5 % 3.3 bn € 0.5 %
- Under one year 8,9 % 61.6 bn € 9.6 %
- Over one year 91,1 % 630.9 bn € 98.3 %
- Currency and deposits 0,4 % 2.6 bn € 0.4 %
- Debt securities 86,6 % 599.7 bn € 93.4 %
- Loans 13,0 % 90.1 bn € 14.0 %
Output
What the country produces in a year, where that demand comes from, and how the product is shared out.
Gross domestic product
642.0 bn €
GDP growth
1.0 %
European Union 1.4 %
−0.4 %
GDP per head (EU = 100)
114.3
European Union 100.0
+14.3
Adjusted for price differences between countries: one hundred means “the EU average”. Without that adjustment, comparing a Bulgarian wage with a Danish one means nothing.
Government consumption, % of GDP
24.0 %
European Union 21.6 %
+2.4 %
What the state consumes itself — schools, hospitals, administration. Not its transfers, its investment or its debt: total public spending is far higher.
This country European Union
This country European Union
This country European Union
- Household consumption 335.9 bn €
- Government consumption 153.8 bn €
- Investment 153.4 bn €
- Change in inventories 11.7 bn €
- Exports 484.4 bn €
- Imports (subtracted) 497.4 bn €
- Wages and contributions 312.0 bn € 48,6 %
- Profits and mixed income 275.7 bn € 42,9 %
- Net taxes on products 54.3 bn € 8,5 %
Budget
What the state spends, on which functions, through which level of government.
Government spending, % of GDP
54.1 %
European Union 48.9 %
+5.2 %
Government spending, in euros
335.3 bn €
This country European Union
- General public services 7.1 % 44.3 bn € 13,1 %
- Defence 1.3 % 7.9 bn € 2,4 %
- Public order and safety 1.7 % 10.6 bn € 3,1 %
- Economic affairs 6.4 % 39.9 bn € 11,9 %
- Environment 1.2 % 7.2 bn € 2,2 %
- Housing and amenities 0.4 % 2.4 bn € 0,7 %
- Health 8.0 % 49.6 bn € 14,8 %
- Recreation, culture and religion 1.2 % 7.6 bn € 2,2 %
- Education 6.3 % 39.3 bn € 11,7 %
- Social protection 20.4 % 126.5 bn € 37,8 %
- Police 1.0 % 6.2 bn € 66,7 %
- Civil protection 0.2 % 1.2 bn € 13,3 %
- Courts 0.2 % 1.5 bn € 13,3 %
- Prisons 0.1 % 900 m € 6,7 %
- Research (order and safety) 0.0 % 29 m € 0,0 %
- Central government 27.8 % 172.2 bn € 36,1 %
- States and regions 20.2 % 125.0 bn € 26,2 %
- Local government 7.2 % 44.4 bn € 9,4 %
- Social security 21.8 % 135.4 bn € 28,3 %
- Wages and contributions 12.5 % 77.3 bn € 23,6 %
- Goods and services bought 4.3 % 26.9 bn € 8,1 %
- Social benefits 25.5 % 158.5 bn € 48,1 %
- Subsidies 3.5 % 21.8 bn € 6,6 %
- Property income 2.2 % 13.7 bn € 4,2 %
- Investment 3.1 % 19.3 bn € 5,8 %
- Other transfers 1.9 % 11.7 bn € 3,6 %
Revenue
What the state levies, on what, and who collects it.
Total tax burden, % of GDP
44.6 %
European Union 2024
40.3 %
+4.8 %
Taxes and social contributions together, including the share that goes to the Union.
Taxes, in euros
286.5 bn €
VAT, % of GDP
6.2 %
European Union 2024
7.1 %
−1.0 %
Income taxes, % of GDP
16.2 %
European Union 2024
12.8 %
+3.7 %
Social contributions, % of GDP
15.4 %
European Union 2024
14.0 %
+1.4 %
This country European Union
This country European Union
This country European Union
This country European Union
- VAT 6.2 % 39.8 bn € 14,0 %
- Other taxes on products 3.3 % 21.3 bn € 7,4 %
- Other taxes on production 2.1 % 13.4 bn € 4,7 %
- Income taxes 16.2 % 103.9 bn € 36,6 %
- Other current taxes 0.4 % 2.7 bn € 0,9 %
- Social contributions 15.4 % 98.9 bn € 34,8 %
- Capital taxes 0.7 % 4.3 bn € 1,6 %
- Central government 22.3 % 143.1 bn € 50,0 %
- States and regions 5.9 % 37.6 bn € 13,2 %
- Local government 2.3 % 15.0 bn € 5,2 %
- Social security 13.5 % 86.8 bn € 30,3 %
- European Union 0.6 % 4.0 bn € 1,3 %
Justice
Prisoners, prison places, judicial staff and homicides.
Prisoners per 100,000 people
106.5
The number of people held, including those awaiting trial. A country that judges slowly locks up more people who have not been convicted.
People held in prison
12,581
Police officers per 100,000 people
342.8
Prison staff per 100,000 people
77.7
Judges per 100,000 people
13.4
Homicides per 100,000 people
1.1
- Nationals 6,810 54,4 %
- Foreigners 5,711 45,6 %
Read alongside the share of foreigners in the population, which varies widely, and the fact that a non-resident is more often held on remand for want of guarantees of appearance.
- Men 12,063 95,9 %
- Women 518 4,1 %
Society
Population, employment, prices, poverty and inequality.
This country European Union
This country European Union
This country European Union
This country European Union
This country European Union