Finlandia

Republic of Finland

A long border with Russia, a Finno-Ugric language, a Lutheran culture: Finland joined NATO in 2023 after eight decades of caution.

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Herencia

Christianised by Sweden from the twelfth century, Finland owes its writing to the Reformation: Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament in 1548 and effectively created literary Finnish. The Kalevala, compiled in 1835, gave the country a national epic on the Homeric model.

Historia

A Swedish province for six centuries, Finland passed to Russia in 1809 as an autonomous grand duchy. That singular status let it develop its institutions and identity even before independence.

Proclaimed on 6 December 1917 in the wake of the Russian revolution, independence was followed by a short and violent civil war. The Winter War of 1939-1940 and then the Continuation War cost Finland a tenth of its territory but preserved its sovereignty.

During the Cold War the country practised active neutrality and hosted in 1975 the Helsinki conference, whose Final Act introduced human rights into détente. A member of the Union since 1995 and of the euro area from the outset, Finland joined NATO on 4 April 2023.

Hitos

1548 Renacimiento y Reformas

The New Testament in Finnish

Mikael Agricola creates written Finnish so that Scripture is accessible to all.

1809 Edad Moderna

Autonomous grand duchy

Attached to Russia, Finland keeps its Swedish laws and develops its institutions.

1835 Edad Moderna

Publication of the Kalevala

Lönnrot compiles the national epic, the foundation of the Finnish cultural awakening.

1906 Edad Moderna

Universal suffrage

Finland is the first country in Europe to grant women both the vote and eligibility for office.

1917 Época contemporánea

Independence of Finland

On 6 December Finland separates from revolutionary Russia.

1939 Época contemporánea

Winter War

Facing Soviet invasion, Finnish resistance saves independence at the cost of Karelia.

1975 Construcción europea

Helsinki Final Act

Thirty-five states sign a text placing human rights at the heart of détente.

1995 Construcción europea participó

Nordic enlargement

Austria, Finland and Sweden bring the Union to fifteen members.

1999 Construcción europea participó

Birth of the euro

Eleven currencies are irrevocably fixed; the European Central Bank takes up its functions.

2023 Época contemporánea

NATO accession of Finland

On 4 April Finland doubles the Alliance’s land border with Russia.

Panorama político

Resultados de las europeas de junio de 2024 y su traducción en grupos del Parlamento Europeo.

Kok — Kansallinen Kokoomus 4
Vas — Vasemmistoliitto 3
SDP — Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue 3
Vihr — Vihreä liitto 1
Kesk — Suomen Keskusta 1
PS — Perussuomalaiset 1
RKP — Svenska folkpartiet i Finland 1
KD — Kristillisdemokraatit 1

Reparto de escaños europeos

Grupo del Partido Popular Europeo (Demócrata-Cristianos) 5
El Grupo de la Izquierda en el Parlamento Europeo — GUE/NGL 3
Grupo de la Alianza Progresista de Socialistas y Demócratas en el Parlamento Europeo 3
Grupo Renew Europe 2
Grupo de Los Verdes/Alianza Libre Europea 1
Grupo de los Conservadores y Reformistas Europeos 1

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Deuda pública, en % del PIB 90,2 % 0,7 % PIB por habitante (UE = 100) 100,7 1,0 Gasto público, en % del PIB 57,7 % 1,8 % Presión fiscal, en % del PIB 42,5 % 0,2 % Presos por 100 000 habitantes 56,9 3,6