Finlandia

Republic of Finland

A long border with Russia, a Finno-Ugric language, a Lutheran culture: Finland joined NATO in 2023 after eight decades of caution.

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Eredità

Christianised by Sweden from the twelfth century, Finland owes its writing to the Reformation: Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament in 1548 and effectively created literary Finnish. The Kalevala, compiled in 1835, gave the country a national epic on the Homeric model.

Storia

A Swedish province for six centuries, Finland passed to Russia in 1809 as an autonomous grand duchy. That singular status let it develop its institutions and identity even before independence.

Proclaimed on 6 December 1917 in the wake of the Russian revolution, independence was followed by a short and violent civil war. The Winter War of 1939-1940 and then the Continuation War cost Finland a tenth of its territory but preserved its sovereignty.

During the Cold War the country practised active neutrality and hosted in 1975 the Helsinki conference, whose Final Act introduced human rights into détente. A member of the Union since 1995 and of the euro area from the outset, Finland joined NATO on 4 April 2023.

Tappe

1548 Rinascimento e Riforme

The New Testament in Finnish

Mikael Agricola creates written Finnish so that Scripture is accessible to all.

1809 Età moderna

Autonomous grand duchy

Attached to Russia, Finland keeps its Swedish laws and develops its institutions.

1835 Età moderna

Publication of the Kalevala

Lönnrot compiles the national epic, the foundation of the Finnish cultural awakening.

1906 Età moderna

Universal suffrage

Finland is the first country in Europe to grant women both the vote and eligibility for office.

1917 Età contemporanea

Independence of Finland

On 6 December Finland separates from revolutionary Russia.

1939 Età contemporanea

Winter War

Facing Soviet invasion, Finnish resistance saves independence at the cost of Karelia.

1975 Costruzione europea

Helsinki Final Act

Thirty-five states sign a text placing human rights at the heart of détente.

1995 Costruzione europea vi ha preso parte

Nordic enlargement

Austria, Finland and Sweden bring the Union to fifteen members.

1999 Costruzione europea vi ha preso parte

Birth of the euro

Eleven currencies are irrevocably fixed; the European Central Bank takes up its functions.

2023 Età contemporanea

NATO accession of Finland

On 4 April Finland doubles the Alliance’s land border with Russia.

Paesaggio politico

Risultati delle europee di giugno 2024 e loro traduzione in gruppi del Parlamento europeo.

Kok — Kansallinen Kokoomus 4
Vas — Vasemmistoliitto 3
SDP — Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue 3
Vihr — Vihreä liitto 1
Kesk — Suomen Keskusta 1
PS — Perussuomalaiset 1
RKP — Svenska folkpartiet i Finland 1
KD — Kristillisdemokraatit 1

Ripartizione dei seggi europei

Gruppo del Partito Popolare Europeo (Democratico Cristiano) 5
Il Gruppo della Sinistra al Parlamento europeo — GUE/NGL 3
Gruppo dell'Alleanza Progressista di Socialisti e Democratici al Parlamento europeo 3
Gruppo Renew Europe 2
Gruppo dei Verdi/Alleanza libera europea 1
Gruppo dei Conservatori e Riformisti Europei 1

Attualità collegate

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Lo Stato in cifre

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Debito pubblico, in % del PIL 90,2 % 0,7 % PIL per abitante (UE = 100) 100,7 1,0 Spesa pubblica, in % del PIL 57,7 % 1,8 % Pressione fiscale, in % del PIL 42,5 % 0,2 % Detenuti ogni 100 000 abitanti 56,9 3,6