Polonia

Republic of Poland

Baptised in 966, erased from the map several times and restored, Poland embodies the persistence of a nation through culture and faith rather than the state.

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Eredità

The baptism of Mieszko I anchored the Piasts to Latin rather than Byzantine Christendom — a founding decision for Europe's cultural frontier. Kraków founded its university in 1364; Copernicus studied there; the Warsaw Confederation guaranteed from 1573 a religious tolerance then without equivalent.

Storia

The Polish state was born with the baptism of Mieszko I in 966, placing the country in Rome's orbit. Union with Lithuania (1385, then 1569) formed the Commonwealth of Two Nations, one of Europe's largest states, with an elective monarchy and a nobility holding a right of veto.

Weakened by its institutions, the Commonwealth was partitioned between 1772 and 1795 by Russia, Prussia and Austria: Poland vanished from the map for 123 years. Its language, Romantic literature and Church sustained the nation.

Restored in 1918, invaded in 1939 by Germany then the USSR, it suffered Europe's deadliest occupation and the extermination of three million Polish Jews. The election of John Paul II in 1978 and then Solidarity shook the Soviet bloc; 1989 opened the transition, 2004 accession to the Union.

Tappe

966 Cristianizzazione

Baptism of Mieszko I

Poland chooses Latin Christianity, a decision that durably fixes its cultural place in Europe.

1364 Medioevo

University of Kraków

Casimir the Great founds one of Central Europe’s oldest universities; Copernicus will study there.

1569 Rinascimento e Riforme

Union of Lublin

Poland and Lithuania form a joint Commonwealth: elective monarchy and a powerful parliament.

1573 Rinascimento e Riforme

Warsaw Confederation

The nobility guarantees religious peace while Europe sinks into wars of religion.

1791 Età moderna

Constitution of 3 May

Europe’s first written constitution, adopted shortly before the country’s third partition.

1939 Età contemporanea

Invasion and occupation

Invaded by Germany then the USSR, Poland loses nearly a fifth of its population.

1980 Età contemporanea

Solidarity

At the Gdańsk shipyards the Soviet bloc’s first free trade union is born. Communism loses its workers’ legitimacy.

1989 Costruzione europea ne è stato toccato

Fall of the Berlin Wall

9 November opens German reunification and, in time, that of the continent.

2004 Costruzione europea

Accession of Poland to the Union

With nine other states, Poland joins the EU: the political reunification of the continent.

2004 Costruzione europea vi ha preso parte

The big bang enlargement

Ten states, eight of them formerly communist, join the Union: the continent’s division ends.

2022 Costruzione europea ne è stato toccato

War in Ukraine

The Russian invasion brings sanctions, the reception of millions of refugees and candidacies from Ukraine and Moldova.

Paesaggio politico

Risultati delle europee di giugno 2024 e loro traduzione in gruppi del Parlamento europeo.

KO — Koalicja Obywatelska 21
PiS — Prawo i Sprawiedliwość 20
Konfederacja — Konfederacja Wolność i Niepodległość 6
TD — Trzecia Droga 3
Lewica — Lewica 3

Ripartizione dei seggi europei

Gruppo del Partito Popolare Europeo (Democratico Cristiano) 24
Gruppo dei Conservatori e Riformisti Europei 20
Gruppo Europa delle Nazioni Sovrane 6
Gruppo dell'Alleanza Progressista di Socialisti e Democratici al Parlamento europeo 3

Attualità collegate

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Debito pubblico, in % del PIL 64,5 % 2,9 % PIL per abitante (UE = 100) 81,1 2,8 Spesa pubblica, in % del PIL 49,4 % 2,5 % Pressione fiscale, in % del PIL 37,6 % 0,2 % Detenuti ogni 100 000 abitanti 190,7 12,0