Polonia

Republic of Poland

Baptised in 966, erased from the map several times and restored, Poland embodies the persistence of a nation through culture and faith rather than the state.

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Herencia

The baptism of Mieszko I anchored the Piasts to Latin rather than Byzantine Christendom — a founding decision for Europe's cultural frontier. Kraków founded its university in 1364; Copernicus studied there; the Warsaw Confederation guaranteed from 1573 a religious tolerance then without equivalent.

Historia

The Polish state was born with the baptism of Mieszko I in 966, placing the country in Rome's orbit. Union with Lithuania (1385, then 1569) formed the Commonwealth of Two Nations, one of Europe's largest states, with an elective monarchy and a nobility holding a right of veto.

Weakened by its institutions, the Commonwealth was partitioned between 1772 and 1795 by Russia, Prussia and Austria: Poland vanished from the map for 123 years. Its language, Romantic literature and Church sustained the nation.

Restored in 1918, invaded in 1939 by Germany then the USSR, it suffered Europe's deadliest occupation and the extermination of three million Polish Jews. The election of John Paul II in 1978 and then Solidarity shook the Soviet bloc; 1989 opened the transition, 2004 accession to the Union.

Hitos

966 Cristianización

Baptism of Mieszko I

Poland chooses Latin Christianity, a decision that durably fixes its cultural place in Europe.

1364 Edad Media

University of Kraków

Casimir the Great founds one of Central Europe’s oldest universities; Copernicus will study there.

1569 Renacimiento y Reformas

Union of Lublin

Poland and Lithuania form a joint Commonwealth: elective monarchy and a powerful parliament.

1573 Renacimiento y Reformas

Warsaw Confederation

The nobility guarantees religious peace while Europe sinks into wars of religion.

1791 Edad Moderna

Constitution of 3 May

Europe’s first written constitution, adopted shortly before the country’s third partition.

1939 Época contemporánea

Invasion and occupation

Invaded by Germany then the USSR, Poland loses nearly a fifth of its population.

1980 Época contemporánea

Solidarity

At the Gdańsk shipyards the Soviet bloc’s first free trade union is born. Communism loses its workers’ legitimacy.

1989 Construcción europea se vio afectado

Fall of the Berlin Wall

9 November opens German reunification and, in time, that of the continent.

2004 Construcción europea

Accession of Poland to the Union

With nine other states, Poland joins the EU: the political reunification of the continent.

2004 Construcción europea participó

The big bang enlargement

Ten states, eight of them formerly communist, join the Union: the continent’s division ends.

2022 Construcción europea se vio afectado

War in Ukraine

The Russian invasion brings sanctions, the reception of millions of refugees and candidacies from Ukraine and Moldova.

Panorama político

Resultados de las europeas de junio de 2024 y su traducción en grupos del Parlamento Europeo.

KO — Koalicja Obywatelska 21
PiS — Prawo i Sprawiedliwość 20
Konfederacja — Konfederacja Wolność i Niepodległość 6
TD — Trzecia Droga 3
Lewica — Lewica 3

Reparto de escaños europeos

Grupo del Partido Popular Europeo (Demócrata-Cristianos) 24
Grupo de los Conservadores y Reformistas Europeos 20
Grupo Europa de las Naciones Soberanas 6
Grupo de la Alianza Progresista de Socialistas y Demócratas en el Parlamento Europeo 3

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Deuda pública, en % del PIB 64,5 % 2,9 % PIB por habitante (UE = 100) 81,1 2,8 Gasto público, en % del PIB 49,4 % 2,5 % Presión fiscal, en % del PIB 37,6 % 0,2 % Presos por 100 000 habitantes 190,7 12,0