Estonia

Republic of Estonia

A small Finno-Ugric Baltic country, Estonia reinvented the state through digital means and made online administration a de facto constitutional right.

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Eredità

Tallinn preserves one of Europe's best-kept Hanseatic old towns. The University of Tartu, founded in 1632 by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, trained the scholarly elite of the whole Baltic. The Lutheran Reformation produced early literacy there, the ground of the 1988 “singing revolution”.

Storia

Conquered by Danish and German crusaders in the thirteenth century, Estonia belonged successively to Denmark, the Teutonic Order, Sweden and then Russia. The Swedish period, remembered collectively as “the good old Swedish times”, saw the opening of the University of Tartu and the first parish schools.

The nineteenth-century national awakening organised itself around the Kalevipoeg epic and the song festivals. Independence in 1918 was won under arms against the Red Army.

Annexed in 1940 by the USSR, Estonia endured deportations and Russification. It regained independence in 1991 after the Singing Revolution. Since then the country has built a fully digital state — electronic identity, online voting, paperless public services — now a model studied across Europe. A member of the Union and NATO in 2004, of the euro in 2011.

Tappe

1219 Cristianizzazione

Foundation of Tallinn

The Danish crusade establishes a fortress; the town will join the Hanse.

1632 Età moderna

University of Tartu

Gustavus Adolphus founds the university that will train the Baltic’s scholarly elite.

1739 Età moderna

Bible in Estonian

The complete translation fixes the literary language and accelerates rural literacy.

1918 Età moderna

Independence of Estonia

Proclaimed on 24 February, it is successfully defended in the war of liberation.

1988 Età contemporanea

Singing Revolution

Three hundred thousand Estonians sing banned anthems together: dissent becomes massive.

1991 Età contemporanea

Independence of Estonia restored

On 20 August Estonia again proclaims its sovereignty.

2004 Costruzione europea vi ha preso parte

The big bang enlargement

Ten states, eight of them formerly communist, join the Union: the continent’s division ends.

2005 Età contemporanea

First national online vote

Estonia becomes the first country in the world to hold elections over the internet.

Paesaggio politico

Risultati delle europee di giugno 2024 e loro traduzione in gruppi del Parlamento europeo.

Isamaa — Isamaa Erakond 2
SDE — Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Erakond 2
RE — Eesti Reformierakond 2
EKRE — Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond 1

Ripartizione dei seggi europei

Gruppo del Partito Popolare Europeo (Democratico Cristiano) 2
Gruppo dell'Alleanza Progressista di Socialisti e Democratici al Parlamento europeo 2
Gruppo Renew Europe 2
Gruppo Europa delle Nazioni Sovrane 1

Attualità collegate

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Lo Stato in cifre

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Debito pubblico, in % del PIL 26,1 % 1,1 % PIL per abitante (UE = 100) 79,7 1,1 Spesa pubblica, in % del PIL 44,0 % 0,9 % Pressione fiscale, in % del PIL 36,6 % 0,5 % Detenuti ogni 100 000 abitanti 119,1 15,7