Estland

Republic of Estonia

A small Finno-Ugric Baltic country, Estonia reinvented the state through digital means and made online administration a de facto constitutional right.

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Erbe

Tallinn preserves one of Europe's best-kept Hanseatic old towns. The University of Tartu, founded in 1632 by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, trained the scholarly elite of the whole Baltic. The Lutheran Reformation produced early literacy there, the ground of the 1988 “singing revolution”.

Geschichte

Conquered by Danish and German crusaders in the thirteenth century, Estonia belonged successively to Denmark, the Teutonic Order, Sweden and then Russia. The Swedish period, remembered collectively as “the good old Swedish times”, saw the opening of the University of Tartu and the first parish schools.

The nineteenth-century national awakening organised itself around the Kalevipoeg epic and the song festivals. Independence in 1918 was won under arms against the Red Army.

Annexed in 1940 by the USSR, Estonia endured deportations and Russification. It regained independence in 1991 after the Singing Revolution. Since then the country has built a fully digital state — electronic identity, online voting, paperless public services — now a model studied across Europe. A member of the Union and NATO in 2004, of the euro in 2011.

Meilensteine

1219 Christianisierung

Foundation of Tallinn

The Danish crusade establishes a fortress; the town will join the Hanse.

1632 Frühe Neuzeit

University of Tartu

Gustavus Adolphus founds the university that will train the Baltic’s scholarly elite.

1739 Frühe Neuzeit

Bible in Estonian

The complete translation fixes the literary language and accelerates rural literacy.

1918 Frühe Neuzeit

Independence of Estonia

Proclaimed on 24 February, it is successfully defended in the war of liberation.

1988 Zeitgeschichte

Singing Revolution

Three hundred thousand Estonians sing banned anthems together: dissent becomes massive.

1991 Zeitgeschichte

Independence of Estonia restored

On 20 August Estonia again proclaims its sovereignty.

2004 Europäischer Aufbau war beteiligt

The big bang enlargement

Ten states, eight of them formerly communist, join the Union: the continent’s division ends.

2005 Zeitgeschichte

First national online vote

Estonia becomes the first country in the world to hold elections over the internet.

Politische Landschaft

Ergebnisse der Europawahl vom Juni 2024 und ihre Übersetzung in Fraktionen des Europäischen Parlaments.

Isamaa — Isamaa Erakond 2
SDE — Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Erakond 2
RE — Eesti Reformierakond 2
EKRE — Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond 1

Verteilung der europäischen Sitze

Fraktion der Europäischen Volkspartei (Christdemokraten) 2
Fraktion der Progressiven Allianz der Sozialdemokraten im Europäischen Parlament 2
Fraktion Renew Europe 2
Fraktion Europa der Souveränen Nationen 1

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Der Staat in Zahlen

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Staatsschulden, in % des BIP 26,1 % 1,1 % BIP pro Kopf (EU = 100) 79,7 1,1 Staatsausgaben, in % des BIP 44,0 % 0,9 % Abgabenquote, in % des BIP 36,6 % 0,5 % Gefangene je 100 000 Einwohner 119,1 15,7