Luxemburg

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

A dismantled fortress turned financial centre and judicial capital of the Union, Luxembourg is the laboratory of European multilingualism.

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Erbe

The House of Luxembourg gave four emperors to the Holy Roman Empire, including Charles IV. The cathedral of Notre-Dame and the Octave pilgrimage still shape the civic year. Three official languages — Luxembourgish, French, German — coexist in administration, a unique case in the Union.

Geschichte

Founded in 963 around a castle on the Bock promontory, the county then duchy of Luxembourg gave the Holy Roman Empire several emperors in the fourteenth century. Its fortress, constantly strengthened by Burgundians, Spaniards, French and Austrians, earned it the nickname “Gibraltar of the North”.

The Treaty of London of 1867 required the dismantling of the stronghold and guaranteed the Grand Duchy's neutrality. Invaded in 1914 and 1940, the country abandoned that neutrality in 1949 by co-founding NATO.

A founding member of Benelux and then of the Communities, Luxembourg hosted from 1952 the ECSC High Authority, Europe's first supranational institution. The city today houses the Court of Justice, the Court of Auditors and the European Investment Bank.

Meilensteine

963 Mittelalter

Foundation of Lucilinburhuc

Siegfried acquires a rock on the Alzette: the castle will give the country its name.

1354 Mittelalter

Elevation to duchy

Charles IV raises his native county to a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire.

1815 Frühe Neuzeit

Creation of the Grand Duchy

The Congress of Vienna makes Luxembourg a sovereign state in personal union with the Netherlands.

1867 Frühe Neuzeit

Treaty of London

The fortress is dismantled and the country’s neutrality guaranteed by the powers.

1949 Europäischer Aufbau war beteiligt

Council of Europe

Ten states found in London the first European political organisation, matrix of the Convention on Human Rights.

1951 Europäischer Aufbau war beteiligt

Treaty of Paris — ECSC

Six states create the European Coal and Steel Community, the continent’s first supranational institution.

1952 Europäischer Aufbau

Seat of the High Authority

Europe’s first supranational institution settles in Luxembourg.

1957 Europäischer Aufbau war beteiligt

Treaties of Rome

The EEC and Euratom are established; the common market and the four freedoms are laid down.

1968 Europäischer Aufbau war beteiligt

Customs union

Internal tariffs disappear eighteen months ahead of schedule.

1985 Europäischer Aufbau Hauptakteur

Schengen Agreement

Five states sign on the Moselle an agreement progressively abolishing internal border controls.

1992 Europäischer Aufbau war beteiligt

Maastricht Treaty

The European Union is created, with European citizenship and the timetable for the single currency.

1999 Europäischer Aufbau war beteiligt

Birth of the euro

Eleven currencies are irrevocably fixed; the European Central Bank takes up its functions.

Politische Landschaft

Ergebnisse der Europawahl vom Juni 2024 und ihre Übersetzung in Fraktionen des Europäischen Parlaments.

CSV — Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei 2
DP — Demokratesch Partei 1
LSAP — Lëtzebuergesch Sozialistesch Aarbechterpartei 1
Gréng — Déi Gréng 1
ADR — Alternativ Demokratesch Reformpartei 1

Verteilung der europäischen Sitze

Fraktion der Europäischen Volkspartei (Christdemokraten) 2
Fraktion Renew Europe 1
Fraktion der Progressiven Allianz der Sozialdemokraten im Europäischen Parlament 1
Fraktion Die Grünen/Europäische Freie Allianz 1
Fraktion der Europäischen Konservativen und Reformer 1

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Der Staat in Zahlen

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Staatsschulden, in % des BIP 28,2 % 0,4 % BIP pro Kopf (EU = 100) 243,3 3,0 Staatsausgaben, in % des BIP 49,1 % 2,3 % Abgabenquote, in % des BIP 42,2 % 0,3 % Gefangene je 100 000 Einwohner 93,5 1,9