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Kingdom of the Netherlands

A merchant republic ahead of its time, homeland of Erasmus and Spinoza, the Netherlands invented civil tolerance and modern finance.

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Herencia

The Rhine limes ran through Nijmegen and Utrecht. Erasmus founded Christian humanism there by editing the Greek New Testament; Leiden welcomed Europe's persecuted scholars; Amsterdam gave the Sephardic Jews expelled from Iberia a synagogue and a printing press.

Historia

A northern march of the Roman Empire, the Netherlands became in the Middle Ages one of Europe's most urbanised regions. The revolt against Philip II from 1568 produced a federal republic of Protestant provinces.

The Golden Age made Amsterdam the world's financial centre: the first permanent exchange, the first joint-stock company, an exchange bank. Relative tolerance drew Descartes, Spinoza and printers banned elsewhere; many founding texts of the Enlightenment appeared here.

A kingdom from 1815, the country endured the occupation of 1940-1945 and the deportation of most of its Jewish community. A founding member of Benelux and then of the Communities, it hosts in The Hague the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court.

Hitos

1516 Renacimiento y Reformas

Erasmus edits the Greek New Testament

The return to biblical sources opens the way to the Reformation and to modern textual criticism.

1581 Renacimiento y Reformas

Act of Abjuration

The United Provinces depose their sovereign: one of the first texts asserting that power serves the people.

1602 Edad Moderna

First joint-stock company

The East India Company and the Amsterdam Exchange invent financial capitalism.

1648 Edad Moderna

Independence of the Netherlands recognised

The Peace of Münster confirms the United Provinces as a fully fledged European power.

1670 Edad Moderna

Spinoza and tolerance

The Theological-Political Treatise founds historical criticism of the Bible and argues for freedom of thought.

1815 Edad Moderna actor principal

Creation of the Grand Duchy

The Congress of Vienna makes Luxembourg a sovereign state in personal union with the Netherlands.

1944 Época contemporánea

Benelux customs union

Signed in London by the governments in exile, it prefigures the common market.

1949 Construcción europea participó

Council of Europe

Ten states found in London the first European political organisation, matrix of the Convention on Human Rights.

1951 Construcción europea participó

Treaty of Paris — ECSC

Six states create the European Coal and Steel Community, the continent’s first supranational institution.

1957 Construcción europea participó

Treaties of Rome

The EEC and Euratom are established; the common market and the four freedoms are laid down.

1968 Construcción europea participó

Customs union

Internal tariffs disappear eighteen months ahead of schedule.

1985 Construcción europea participó

Schengen Agreement

Five states sign on the Moselle an agreement progressively abolishing internal border controls.

1992 Construcción europea actor principal

Maastricht Treaty

The European Union is created, with European citizenship and the timetable for the single currency.

1999 Construcción europea participó

Birth of the euro

Eleven currencies are irrevocably fixed; the European Central Bank takes up its functions.

Panorama político

Resultados de las europeas de junio de 2024 y su traducción en grupos del Parlamento Europeo.

GL-PvdA — GroenLinks — Partij van de Arbeid 8
Autres — SGP, CU, FvD, PvdD, Volt 5
PVV — Partij voor de Vrijheid 6
VVD — Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie 4
CDA — Christen-Democratisch Appèl 3
D66 — Democraten 66 3
BBB — BoerBurgerBeweging 2

Reparto de escaños europeos

Grupo de Los Verdes/Alianza Libre Europea 8
Grupo Renew Europe 7
Grupo Patriotas por Europa 6
Diputados no inscritos 5
Grupo del Partido Popular Europeo (Demócrata-Cristianos) 5

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Deuda pública, en % del PIB 43,8 % 0,9 % PIB por habitante (UE = 100) 132,3 0,2 Gasto público, en % del PIB 44,4 % 0,4 % Presión fiscal, en % del PIB 39,4 % 0,3 % Presos por 100 000 habitantes 66,6 1,0