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Kingdom of the Netherlands

A merchant republic ahead of its time, homeland of Erasmus and Spinoza, the Netherlands invented civil tolerance and modern finance.

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Eredità

The Rhine limes ran through Nijmegen and Utrecht. Erasmus founded Christian humanism there by editing the Greek New Testament; Leiden welcomed Europe's persecuted scholars; Amsterdam gave the Sephardic Jews expelled from Iberia a synagogue and a printing press.

Storia

A northern march of the Roman Empire, the Netherlands became in the Middle Ages one of Europe's most urbanised regions. The revolt against Philip II from 1568 produced a federal republic of Protestant provinces.

The Golden Age made Amsterdam the world's financial centre: the first permanent exchange, the first joint-stock company, an exchange bank. Relative tolerance drew Descartes, Spinoza and printers banned elsewhere; many founding texts of the Enlightenment appeared here.

A kingdom from 1815, the country endured the occupation of 1940-1945 and the deportation of most of its Jewish community. A founding member of Benelux and then of the Communities, it hosts in The Hague the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court.

Tappe

1516 Rinascimento e Riforme

Erasmus edits the Greek New Testament

The return to biblical sources opens the way to the Reformation and to modern textual criticism.

1581 Rinascimento e Riforme

Act of Abjuration

The United Provinces depose their sovereign: one of the first texts asserting that power serves the people.

1602 Età moderna

First joint-stock company

The East India Company and the Amsterdam Exchange invent financial capitalism.

1648 Età moderna

Independence of the Netherlands recognised

The Peace of Münster confirms the United Provinces as a fully fledged European power.

1670 Età moderna

Spinoza and tolerance

The Theological-Political Treatise founds historical criticism of the Bible and argues for freedom of thought.

1815 Età moderna attore principale

Creation of the Grand Duchy

The Congress of Vienna makes Luxembourg a sovereign state in personal union with the Netherlands.

1944 Età contemporanea

Benelux customs union

Signed in London by the governments in exile, it prefigures the common market.

1949 Costruzione europea vi ha preso parte

Council of Europe

Ten states found in London the first European political organisation, matrix of the Convention on Human Rights.

1951 Costruzione europea vi ha preso parte

Treaty of Paris — ECSC

Six states create the European Coal and Steel Community, the continent’s first supranational institution.

1957 Costruzione europea vi ha preso parte

Treaties of Rome

The EEC and Euratom are established; the common market and the four freedoms are laid down.

1968 Costruzione europea vi ha preso parte

Customs union

Internal tariffs disappear eighteen months ahead of schedule.

1985 Costruzione europea vi ha preso parte

Schengen Agreement

Five states sign on the Moselle an agreement progressively abolishing internal border controls.

1992 Costruzione europea attore principale

Maastricht Treaty

The European Union is created, with European citizenship and the timetable for the single currency.

1999 Costruzione europea vi ha preso parte

Birth of the euro

Eleven currencies are irrevocably fixed; the European Central Bank takes up its functions.

Paesaggio politico

Risultati delle europee di giugno 2024 e loro traduzione in gruppi del Parlamento europeo.

GL-PvdA — GroenLinks — Partij van de Arbeid 8
Autres — SGP, CU, FvD, PvdD, Volt 5
PVV — Partij voor de Vrijheid 6
VVD — Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie 4
CDA — Christen-Democratisch Appèl 3
D66 — Democraten 66 3
BBB — BoerBurgerBeweging 2

Ripartizione dei seggi europei

Gruppo dei Verdi/Alleanza libera europea 8
Gruppo Renew Europe 7
Gruppo Patrioti per l'Europa 6
Deputati non iscritti 5
Gruppo del Partito Popolare Europeo (Democratico Cristiano) 5

Attualità collegate

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Lo Stato in cifre

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Debito pubblico, in % del PIL 43,7 % 0,1 % PIL per abitante (UE = 100) 132,0 0,2 Spesa pubblica, in % del PIL 44,4 % 0,4 % Pressione fiscale, in % del PIL 39,6 % 0,1 % Detenuti ogni 100 000 abitanti 66,6 1,0