A shared history Contemporary period

2023 Event

NATO accession of Finland

On 4 April Finland doubles the Alliance’s land border with Russia.

What leads to what

Declared chains of causation — debatable, like any reading of history.

Upstream

  • leads to War in Ukraine 2022 Deux siècles de neutralité finlandaise s’achèvent en un an.

Meanwhile, elsewhere

Within twenty-five years of 2023 — the context national timelines leave out.
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