1000 Figure Christianisation Hungary
Coronation of Stephen I
Pope Sylvester II sends a crown: Hungary enters Latin Christendom.
A shared history
European construction did not begin in 1950. This thread links the ancient inheritance, the Judeo-Christian matrix and the contemporary Union.
326
events
3600 BC
earliest marker
46
countries covered
0
already discussed
Event density
One century per bar before 1500, one decade after: archives are not evenly spread.
Ancient Greece
Early Middle Ages
Renaissance
Enlightenment
Concert of Europe
European integration
Rome
High and Late Middle Ages
Reformation and wars of religion
Age of revolutions
World wars
Cold War
1000
1249
1499
50 events
1000 1099
High and Late Middle Ages 8 events1000 Religion Christianisation Iceland
Christianisation by vote
The assembly collectively decides to adopt Christianity to preserve civil peace.
1000 Religion Christianisation Sweden
Christianisation of Sweden
The baptism of Olof Skötkonung anchors the kingdom to Latin Christendom and to writing.
1016 Event Middle Ages Denmark
Empire of Cnut the Great
The Danish king rules England, Norway and Denmark: a North Sea empire.
1030 War Christianisation Norway
Battle of Stiklestad
The death of Olaf II makes him a saint: the kingdom’s Christianisation is completed.
1066 War Middle Ages United Kingdom
Norman Conquest
William imposes a French-speaking aristocracy; English absorbs thousands of Latin words.
1085 Institution Middle Ages Spain
Capture of Toledo and school of translators
The reconquered city becomes the workshop where the West recovers Greek science via Arabic and Hebrew.
1088 Institution Middle Ages Italy
University of Bologna
Europe’s oldest university is born around the study of the Digest: Roman law becomes a living science again.
1100 1199
High and Late Middle Ages 4 events1102 Event Middle Ages Croatia Hungary
Union with Hungary
An eight-century personal union, Croatia keeping its diet and its ban.
1143 Event Middle Ages Portugal
Independence of Portugal
The Treaty of Zamora recognises Afonso Henriques as king. Today’s borders begin to take shape.
1163 Event Middle Ages France
Notre-Dame and the Gothic surge
From Saint-Denis to Chartres, Gothic architecture turns light into theology and spreads across Europe.
1191 Event Middle Ages Cyprus
Lusignan kingdom
After the crusade, a Frankish dynasty rules the island for three centuries.
1200 1299
High and Late Middle Ages 16 events1201 Institution Christianisation Latvia
Foundation of Riga
Bishop Albert establishes a mission city that will become the metropolis of the eastern Baltic.
1215 Event Middle Ages United Kingdom
Magna Carta
The barons impose written limits on King John: the first milestone of constitutionalism.
1219 Religion Christianisation Serbia
Autocephalous Serbian Church
Saint Sava obtains Serbian ecclesiastical independence from Nicaea, a bedrock of national identity.
1219 Institution Christianisation Estonia
Foundation of Tallinn
The Danish crusade establishes a fortress; the town will join the Hanse.
1220 Event Middle Ages Iceland
The age of the sagas
Snorri Sturluson and his contemporaries commit Norse mythology and settler history to writing.
1222 Event Middle Ages Hungary
Golden Bull
Seven years after Magna Carta, the Hungarian nobility obtains written guarantees against royal arbitrariness.
1240 War Middle Ages Ukraine
Sack of Kyiv
The Mongol invasion destroys the capital and disperses the political legacy of Rus’.
1243 Event Middle Ages San Marino
First captains-regent
Two heads of state elected for six months: the system still operates today.
1253 Figure Middle Ages Lithuania
Coronation of Mindaugas
Lithuania’s only king is crowned with papal approval; the state enters the European concert.
1262 Treaty Middle Ages Iceland Norway
Old Covenant
Iceland recognises the sovereignty of the king of Norway; the free state ends.
1278 Event Middle Ages Andorra
First paréage
The feudal act sharing sovereignty is still the country’s constitutional basis.
1278 Event Middle Ages Austria
Rise of the Habsburgs
Rudolf’s victory on the Marchfeld opens six centuries of dynastic rule.
1282 Event Middle Ages Latvia
Riga joins the Hanse
Trade in timber, flax and grain links Livonia to Lübeck, Bruges and Novgorod.
1290 Institution Middle Ages Portugal
University of Coimbra
Founded by King Dinis, it transmits canon and Roman law to the whole Lusophone world.
1291 Treaty Middle Ages Switzerland
Federal Charter
Three Alpine valleys swear mutual assistance: the founding act of the Confederation.
1297 Event Middle Ages Monaco
Capture of the rock
Francesco Grimaldi seizes the fortress; the dynasty has reigned ever since.
1300 1399
High and Late Middle Ages 15 events1302 War Middle Ages Belgium
Battle of the Golden Spurs
Flemish communal militias crush the French chivalry: an assertion of urban power.
1346 Event Middle Ages Kosovo
Patriarchate of Peć
The seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church is established in Kosovo, spiritual heart of the kingdom.
1348 Institution Middle Ages Czechia
Charles University
Charles IV founds Central Europe’s first university and makes Prague the capital of the Holy Roman Empire.
1349 Event Middle Ages Serbia
Dušan’s Code
The emperor promulgates a code inspired by Byzantine law, among Europe’s oldest.
1354 Event Middle Ages Luxembourg
Elevation to duchy
Charles IV raises his native county to a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire.
1358 Event Middle Ages Croatia
Republic of Ragusa
Dubrovnik becomes an independent merchant republic and a diplomatic model.
1359 Event Middle Ages Romania
Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia
Two Orthodox, Romance-speaking states take shape between the Carpathians, Danube and Dniester.
1364 Institution Middle Ages Poland
University of Kraków
Casimir the Great founds one of Central Europe’s oldest universities; Copernicus will study there.
1377 Event Middle Ages Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kingdom of Bosnia
Tvrtko I is crowned king; the country reaches its medieval zenith.
1387 Religion Christianisation Lithuania
Christianisation of Lithuania
The last country in Europe to convert, Lithuania seals its union with Poland.
1389 War Middle Ages Serbia
Battle of Kosovo
Defeat by the Ottomans becomes the founding narrative of Serbian memory.
1389 War Middle Ages Kosovo
Battle of Kosovo
The clash becomes a contested site of memory between Serbian and Albanian narratives.
1396 War Middle Ages Bulgaria
Ottoman conquest of Bulgaria
The fall of Vidin completes the conquest; five centuries of domination begin.
1397 Treaty Middle Ages Denmark
Kalmar Union
The three Scandinavian kingdoms are united under a single crown for more than a century.
1397 Treaty Middle Ages Norway
Kalmar Union
Norway enters a Scandinavian union dominated by Denmark for four centuries.
1400 1499
Renaissance 7 events1400 – 1550 Event Renaissance and Reformations Italy
The Florentine Renaissance
Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo: antiquity becomes again an aesthetic norm and an intellectual programme.
1410 War Middle Ages Lithuania
Battle of Grunwald
Poles and Lithuanians break the Teutonic Order and redraw the Baltic.
1415 Event Middle Ages Czechia
Jan Hus burned at the stake
Condemned at Constance, the Czech reformer becomes a national martyr and a forerunner of Luther.
1432 Event Renaissance and Reformations Belgium
The Ghent Altarpiece
In Ghent Van Eyck completes the altarpiece that inaugurates oil painting and the Northern Renaissance.
1443 War Middle Ages Albania
Skanderbeg’s revolt
Twenty-five years of resistance to the Ottomans make him a hero of Christendom.
1453 Event Middle Ages Greece
Fall of Constantinople
Byzantine scholars flee to Italy with their manuscripts, feeding the Renaissance directly.
1453 Event Middle Ages Türkiye
Capture of Constantinople
Mehmed II ends the Eastern Roman Empire; Europe’s commercial and intellectual horizon shifts.