1949 Texto Época contemporánea Alemania
Bonn Basic Law
“Human dignity shall be inviolable”: Article 1 places the person — a Christian and humanist legacy — at the summit of the legal order.
Una historia común
La construcción europea no empezó en 1950. Este hilo une la herencia antigua, la matriz judeocristiana y la Unión contemporánea.
326
acontecimientos
3600 a. C.
primer hito
46
países representados
0
ya debatidos
Densidad de acontecimientos
Un siglo por barra antes de 1500 y una década después: los archivos no se reparten por igual.
1940 :
2 acontecimientos
1950 :
7 acontecimientos
1960 :
10 acontecimientos
1970 :
10 acontecimientos
1980 :
15 acontecimientos
1990 :
11 acontecimientos
Grecia antigua
Alta Edad Media
Renacimiento
Ilustración
Concierto europeo
Construcción europea
Roma
Plena y Baja Edad Media
Reforma y guerras de religión
Era de las revoluciones
Guerras mundiales
Guerra Fría
1940
1969
1999
55 acontecimientos
1925 1949
Guerras mundiales 2 acontecimientos1949 Institución Construcción europea
Council of Europe
Ten states found in London the first European political organisation, matrix of the Convention on Human Rights.
1950 1974
Construcción europea 24 acontecimientos1950 Texto Construcción europea
Schuman Declaration
On 9 May France proposes placing coal and steel under a common authority. Community Europe is born of a material pooling.
1951 Tratado Construcción europea
Treaty of Paris — ECSC
Six states create the European Coal and Steel Community, the continent’s first supranational institution.
1952 Guerra Construcción europea Luxemburgo
Seat of the High Authority
Europe’s first supranational institution settles in Luxembourg.
1955 Tratado Época contemporánea Austria
Austrian State Treaty
The four powers withdraw; Austria proclaims perpetual neutrality.
1956 Guerra Época contemporánea Hungría
Budapest uprising
The revolt is crushed by the Red Army; 200,000 Hungarians go into exile.
1957 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Treaties of Rome
The EEC and Euratom are established; the common market and the four freedoms are laid down.
1957 Texto Construcción europea Bélgica
The Spaak Report
Belgian Paul-Henri Spaak drafts the preparatory text of the Treaties of Rome.
1960 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Chipre
Independence of Cyprus
The Republic of Cyprus is born of a compromise between Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
1962 Religión Época contemporánea Ciudad del Vaticano
Second Vatican Council
The Church reforms its liturgy and redefines its relations with the modern world and Judaism.
1963 Tratado Construcción europea Francia
Élysée Treaty
De Gaulle and Adenauer seal Franco-German reconciliation, the institutional engine of integration.
1963 Tratado Construcción europea Turquía
Ankara Agreement
Association with the EEC explicitly envisages an accession perspective.
1963 Texto Construcción europea
Van Gend en Loos judgment
The Court of Justice asserts direct effect: Community law creates rights for citizens themselves.
1964 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Malta
Independence of Malta
Malta leaves the British Empire and becomes a republic ten years later.
1967 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Albania
Religion banned
Albania proclaims itself the world’s first atheist state; churches and mosques are closed.
1968 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Chequia
Prague Spring
“Socialism with a human face” is crushed by Warsaw Pact tanks in August.
1968 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Customs union
Internal tariffs disappear eighteen months ahead of schedule.
1969 Descubrimiento Época contemporánea Noruega
Discovery of Ekofisk
North Sea oil transforms the economy and founds the Norwegian sovereign wealth fund.
1973 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Dinamarca
Accession of Denmark to the Communities
The first Nordic member, Denmark enters alongside the United Kingdom and Ireland.
1973 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Irlanda
Accession of Ireland to the Communities
Ireland joins with the United Kingdom and begins its economic transformation.
1973 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Reino Unido
Accession of the United Kingdom to the Communities
After two French vetoes, the United Kingdom enters the EEC with Denmark and Ireland.
1973 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
First enlargement
Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the Communities, which grow from six to nine.
1974 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Portugal
Carnation Revolution
On 25 April an almost bloodless military coup restores democracy.
1974 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Chipre
Division of the island
The coup and Turkish intervention cut Cyprus in two; the Green Line crosses Nicosia.
1974 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Kosovo
Constitutional autonomy
The Yugoslav constitution grants Kosovo near-republican attributes.
1975 1999
Construcción europea 29 acontecimientos1975 Tratado Construcción europea Finlandia
Helsinki Final Act
Thirty-five states sign a text placing human rights at the heart of détente.
1978 Texto Época contemporánea España
Democratic constitution of Spain
Three years after Franco, Spain adopts a parliamentary monarchy and a state of autonomies.
1979 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
First European elections
For the first time citizens directly elect their MEPs; Simone Veil chairs the assembly.
1980 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Polonia
Solidarity
At the Gdańsk shipyards the Soviet bloc’s first free trade union is born. Communism loses its workers’ legitimacy.
1980 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Islandia
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir
Iceland elects the world’s first woman head of state by direct universal suffrage.
1981 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Grecia
Accession of Greece to the Communities
As the tenth member, Greece anchors its restored democracy in Community Europe.
1984 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Liechtenstein
Women’s suffrage
The last country in Europe to grant it, by a male-only referendum.
1985 Tratado Construcción europea
Schengen Agreement
Five states sign on the Moselle an agreement progressively abolishing internal border controls.
1986 Acontecimiento Construcción europea España
Accession of Spain to the Communities
With Portugal, Spain joins the EEC: southern enlargement consecrates democratisation.
1986 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Portugal
Accession of Portugal to the Communities
Portugal joins the EEC on the same day as Spain and begins rapid economic catch-up.
1986 Catástrofe Época contemporánea Bielorrusia
Chernobyl fallout
Nearly 70 % of the radioactive fallout lands on Belarusian territory.
1986 Tratado Construcción europea
Single European Act
The internal market is scheduled for 1993 and qualified majority voting extended.
1988 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Estonia
Singing Revolution
Three hundred thousand Estonians sing banned anthems together: dissent becomes massive.
1989 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Hungría
Pan-European Picnic
On 19 August Hungary opens its border with Austria: the first breach in the Iron Curtain.
1989 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Fall of the Berlin Wall
9 November opens German reunification and, in time, that of the continent.
1989 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Lituania
Baltic Way
Two million people form a human chain from Tallinn to Vilnius.
1989 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Chequia
Velvet Revolution
In a few weeks and without violence the regime falls; Václav Havel becomes president.
1989 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Rumanía
December revolution
The only violent fall of a European communist regime; Ceaușescu is executed on 25 December.
1990 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Alemania
German reunification
A year after the Wall fell, the five eastern Länder join the Federal Republic and the European Community.
1990 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Lituania
Independence restored
On 11 March Lithuania is the first republic to leave the USSR.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Croacia
Independence of Croatia
The declaration of 25 June opens four years of war on Croatian territory.
1991 Guerra Época contemporánea Eslovenia
Ten-Day War
Slovenia leaves Yugoslavia after the shortest of the decade’s conflicts.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Letonia
Independence of Latvia restored
After the Singing Revolution, Latvia regains its sovereignty.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Estonia
Independence of Estonia restored
On 20 August Estonia again proclaims its sovereignty.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Ucrania
Independence of Ukraine
More than 90 % of voters approve leaving the USSR on 1 December.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Albania
End of the communist regime
After forty-seven years of isolation, pluralism is restored.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Macedonia del Norte
Peaceful independence
The only Yugoslav republic to separate without war.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Moldavia
Independence of Moldova
The republic proclaims sovereignty on 27 August, days after the Moscow putsch.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Bielorrusia
Independence of Belarus
The Belavezha Accords, signed in Belarus, formalise the dissolution of the USSR.