1978 Texto Época contemporánea España
Democratic constitution of Spain
Three years after Franco, Spain adopts a parliamentary monarchy and a state of autonomies.
Una historia común
La construcción europea no empezó en 1950. Este hilo une la herencia antigua, la matriz judeocristiana y la Unión contemporánea.
326
acontecimientos
3600 a. C.
primer hito
46
países representados
0
ya debatidos
Densidad de acontecimientos
Un siglo por barra antes de 1500 y una década después: los archivos no se reparten por igual.
1970 :
2 acontecimientos
1980 :
15 acontecimientos
1990 :
29 acontecimientos
2000 :
17 acontecimientos
2010 :
10 acontecimientos
2020 :
16 acontecimientos
Grecia antigua
Alta Edad Media
Renacimiento
Ilustración
Concierto europeo
Construcción europea
Roma
Plena y Baja Edad Media
Reforma y guerras de religión
Era de las revoluciones
Guerras mundiales
Guerra Fría
1970
1999
2029
89 acontecimientos
1975 1999
Construcción europea 46 acontecimientos1979 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
First European elections
For the first time citizens directly elect their MEPs; Simone Veil chairs the assembly.
1980 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Polonia
Solidarity
At the Gdańsk shipyards the Soviet bloc’s first free trade union is born. Communism loses its workers’ legitimacy.
1980 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Islandia
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir
Iceland elects the world’s first woman head of state by direct universal suffrage.
1981 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Grecia
Accession of Greece to the Communities
As the tenth member, Greece anchors its restored democracy in Community Europe.
1984 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Liechtenstein
Women’s suffrage
The last country in Europe to grant it, by a male-only referendum.
1985 Tratado Construcción europea
Schengen Agreement
Five states sign on the Moselle an agreement progressively abolishing internal border controls.
1986 Acontecimiento Construcción europea España
Accession of Spain to the Communities
With Portugal, Spain joins the EEC: southern enlargement consecrates democratisation.
1986 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Portugal
Accession of Portugal to the Communities
Portugal joins the EEC on the same day as Spain and begins rapid economic catch-up.
1986 Catástrofe Época contemporánea Bielorrusia
Chernobyl fallout
Nearly 70 % of the radioactive fallout lands on Belarusian territory.
1986 Tratado Construcción europea
Single European Act
The internal market is scheduled for 1993 and qualified majority voting extended.
1988 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Estonia
Singing Revolution
Three hundred thousand Estonians sing banned anthems together: dissent becomes massive.
1989 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Hungría
Pan-European Picnic
On 19 August Hungary opens its border with Austria: the first breach in the Iron Curtain.
1989 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Fall of the Berlin Wall
9 November opens German reunification and, in time, that of the continent.
1989 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Lituania
Baltic Way
Two million people form a human chain from Tallinn to Vilnius.
1989 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Chequia
Velvet Revolution
In a few weeks and without violence the regime falls; Václav Havel becomes president.
1989 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Rumanía
December revolution
The only violent fall of a European communist regime; Ceaușescu is executed on 25 December.
1990 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Alemania
German reunification
A year after the Wall fell, the five eastern Länder join the Federal Republic and the European Community.
1990 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Lituania
Independence restored
On 11 March Lithuania is the first republic to leave the USSR.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Croacia
Independence of Croatia
The declaration of 25 June opens four years of war on Croatian territory.
1991 Guerra Época contemporánea Eslovenia
Ten-Day War
Slovenia leaves Yugoslavia after the shortest of the decade’s conflicts.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Letonia
Independence of Latvia restored
After the Singing Revolution, Latvia regains its sovereignty.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Estonia
Independence of Estonia restored
On 20 August Estonia again proclaims its sovereignty.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Ucrania
Independence of Ukraine
More than 90 % of voters approve leaving the USSR on 1 December.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Bielorrusia
Independence of Belarus
The Belavezha Accords, signed in Belarus, formalise the dissolution of the USSR.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Moldavia
Independence of Moldova
The republic proclaims sovereignty on 27 August, days after the Moscow putsch.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Albania
End of the communist regime
After forty-seven years of isolation, pluralism is restored.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Macedonia del Norte
Peaceful independence
The only Yugoslav republic to separate without war.
1992 Guerra Época contemporánea Bosnia y Herzegovina
Bosnian War
The siege of Sarajevo lasts 1,425 days; Srebrenica is recognised as genocide.
1992 Tratado Construcción europea
Maastricht Treaty
The European Union is created, with European citizenship and the timetable for the single currency.
1992 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Suiza
Rejection of the EEA
The people reject the European Economic Area; the bilateral path prevails.
1992 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Moldavia
Transnistria conflict
A ceasefire freezes a de facto secession that has lasted more than thirty years.
1993 Texto Época contemporánea Andorra
Democratic constitution of Andorra
Andorra becomes a sovereign state under the rule of law and joins the UN the same year.
1993 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Eslovaquia
Independence of Slovakia
On 1 January the Slovak Republic is born of a negotiated, peaceful separation.
1993 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Chequia Eslovaquia
Velvet Divorce
Czechia and Slovakia separate peacefully on 1 January, a rare case in Europe.
1993 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Bélgica
Federal Belgium
The fourth state reform enshrines in the Constitution a federal state of communities and regions.
1994 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Noruega
Second rejection of membership
52.2 % of Norwegians reject Union entry; the EEA takes over.
1995 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Bosnia y Herzegovina
Dayton Accords
Peace establishes a two-entity state whose architecture still governs the country.
1995 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Suecia
Accession of Sweden to the Union
With Austria and Finland, Sweden joins the EU; it will reject the euro by referendum in 2003.
1995 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Liechtenstein
EEA accession
The principality joins the European internal market without entering the Union.
1995 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Austria
Accession of Austria to the Union
Austria joins the EU by referendum and becomes a pivot towards Central Europe.
1995 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Nordic enlargement
Austria, Finland and Sweden bring the Union to fifteen members.
1998 Tratado Época contemporánea Irlanda
Good Friday Agreement
Thirty years of conflict end; the Irish border becomes invisible.
1999 Guerra Época contemporánea Kosovo
NATO intervention
After months of conflict, the territory passes under United Nations administration.
1999 Tratado Construcción europea Turquía
Candidate status for Türkiye
The Helsinki European Council recognises Türkiye as a candidate country.
1999 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Birth of the euro
Eleven currencies are irrevocably fixed; the European Central Bank takes up its functions.
2000 2024
Construcción europea 39 acontecimientos2002 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Euro notes and coins
Three hundred million Europeans change currency on 1 January.
2002 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Montenegro
Unilateral euro adoption
Without being in the euro area, the country makes the euro its official currency.
2002 Tratado Época contemporánea Mónaco Francia
Friendship treaty with France
The text modernises the bilateral relationship and secures dynastic succession.
2004 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
The big bang enlargement
Ten states, eight of them formerly communist, join the Union: the continent’s division ends.
2004 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Polonia
Accession of Poland to the Union
With nine other states, Poland joins the EU: the political reunification of the continent.
2004 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Eslovenia
Accession of Slovenia to the Union
The only former Yugoslav republic in the great enlargement of 2004.
2004 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Chipre
Accession of Cyprus to the Union
Cyprus joins the EU; the acquis remains suspended in the northern part of the island.
2004 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Malta
Accession of Malta to the Union
The smallest member state joins the EU and adopts the euro four years later.
2005 Descubrimiento Época contemporánea Estonia
First national online vote
Estonia becomes the first country in the world to hold elections over the internet.
2006 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Montenegro
Independence referendum
55.5 % of voters choose separation from Serbia.
2007 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Rumanía
Accession of Romania to the Union
With Bulgaria, Romania joins the EU and becomes its eastern frontier on the Black Sea.
2007 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Eslovenia
Euro adoption in Slovenia
The first of the 2004 new member states to join the single currency.
2008 Texto Época contemporánea Kosovo
Declaration of independence
On 17 February Pristina proclaims independence; recognition remains partial.
2008 Catástrofe Época contemporánea Islandia
Banking collapse
The three big banks fail; the crisis leads to an EU application, withdrawn in 2015.
2008 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Suiza
Schengen entry
Without Union membership, Switzerland abolishes its border controls.
2009 Tratado Construcción europea
Treaty of Lisbon
The Charter of Fundamental Rights becomes binding; Parliament becomes a full co-legislator.
2009 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Eslovaquia
Euro adoption in Slovakia
The first Visegrád economy to join the euro area.
2010 Catástrofe Construcción europea
Sovereign debt crisis
The euro area urgently creates unprecedented financial solidarity mechanisms.
2011 Tratado Construcción europea Andorra
Monetary agreement with the EU
The principality is authorised to mint its own euro coins.
2012 Tratado Construcción europea Serbia
Candidate status for Serbia
Serbia becomes a Union candidate; negotiations open in 2014.
2013 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Ucrania
Euromaidan
The refusal to sign the EU association agreement triggers months of protest.
2013 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Croacia
Accession of Croatia to the Union
As the twenty-eighth member state, Croatia is the first Western Balkan country to enter.
2014 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Letonia
Euro adoption in Latvia
The lats gives way to the euro five years after one of Europe’s severest financial crises.
2015 Catástrofe Construcción europea
Migration crisis
More than a million asylum seekers arrive in a single year; Schengen is put to the test.
2016 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
British referendum
51.9 % of voters choose to leave the Union: a first in the history of European construction.
2017 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Montenegro
NATO accession of Montenegro
The country joins the Alliance despite strong internal opposition.
2018 Tratado Construcción europea Macedonia del Norte Grecia
Prespa Agreement
The compromise with Greece over the name unlocks thirty years of diplomatic deadlock.
2020 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Reino Unido
Brexit
On 31 January the United Kingdom becomes the first state to leave the European Union.
2020 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Bielorrusia
2020 protests
Contestation of the presidential election is repressed; the EU does not recognise the result.
2020 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
NextGenerationEU
Facing the pandemic, the Union borrows 750 billion jointly: a major break in its budgetary workings.
2020 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Macedonia del Norte
NATO accession of North Macedonia
The country becomes the 30th member of the Atlantic Alliance.
2022 Tratado Construcción europea Ucrania
Candidate status for Ukraine
Four months after the Russian invasion began, the European Council grants candidate status.
2022 Guerra Construcción europea
War in Ukraine
The Russian invasion brings sanctions, the reception of millions of refugees and candidacies from Ukraine and Moldova.
2022 Tratado Construcción europea Moldavia
Candidate status for Moldova
On 23 June Moldova becomes a Union candidate at the same time as Ukraine.
2022 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Albania
Opening of negotiations
Union accession talks open, jointly with North Macedonia.
2023 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Finlandia
NATO accession of Finland
On 4 April Finland doubles the Alliance’s land border with Russia.
2023 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Croacia
Euro and Schengen
On 1 January Croatia joins the single currency and the free movement area on the same day.
2024 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Suecia
NATO accession of Sweden
On 7 March Sweden becomes the 32nd ally, ending two centuries of neutrality.
2024 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
2024 European elections
720 members are elected in 27 states; the right and sovereignist groups gain ground.
2025 2049
Construcción europea 4 acontecimientos2025 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Rumanía
Full Schengen entry
Land border controls are lifted on 1 January, thirteen years after the first application.
2025 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Schengen at 29
The area has twenty-nine members: twenty-five Union states and four EFTA neighbours. Two member states remain outside — Ireland, by choice, and Cyprus, which has yet to join.
2026 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Bulgaria
Euro adoption in Bulgaria
On 1 January the lev gives way to the euro: Bulgaria becomes the area’s 21st member.
2026 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Euro area at 21
Twenty-one of the twenty-seven member states now share the currency. Of the six outside, only Denmark holds an opt-out: the other five are legally bound to join, with no deadline.