Hungary

Hungary

A non-Indo-European people settled at the continent's heart, Hungary chose Rome in the year 1000 and has since seen itself as a frontier bastion of Christendom.

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Heritage

Roman Pannonia left Aquincum, beneath Budapest. In 1000 Stephen I received an apostolic crown from the pope: one of Europe's oldest surviving royal insignia. Matthias Corvinus's Bibliotheca Corviniana was in the fifteenth century Europe's second library after the Vatican's.

History

The Magyars settled in the Carpathian basin at the end of the ninth century. The coronation of Stephen I in the year 1000 with a crown sent by the pope fixed the kingdom's Latin orientation.

The Golden Bull of 1222 limited royal power seven years after Magna Carta. Defeat at Mohács in 1526 delivered the country to the Ottoman Empire for a century and a half, then to the Habsburgs. The Compromise of 1867 created the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy.

The Treaty of Trianon in 1920 stripped Hungary of two-thirds of its territory and left three million Magyars outside its borders: a trauma that still structures political debate. The 1956 uprising, crushed by the Red Army, and the opening of the Iron Curtain in 1989 mark the century. A member of the Union since 2004.

Milestones

1000 Christianisation

Coronation of Stephen I

Pope Sylvester II sends a crown: Hungary enters Latin Christendom.

1102 Middle Ages lead actor

Union with Hungary

An eight-century personal union, Croatia keeping its diet and its ban.

1222 Middle Ages

Golden Bull

Seven years after Magna Carta, the Hungarian nobility obtains written guarantees against royal arbitrariness.

1526 Renaissance and Reformations

Disaster of Mohács

The Hungarian army is annihilated by Suleiman. The kingdom is partitioned for 150 years.

1867 Early modern period

Austro-Hungarian Compromise

Budapest becomes the second capital of an empire of fifty million people.

1920 Early modern period

Treaty of Trianon

Hungary loses two-thirds of its territory; three million Magyars become minorities.

1956 Contemporary period

Budapest uprising

The revolt is crushed by the Red Army; 200,000 Hungarians go into exile.

1989 European construction

Pan-European Picnic

On 19 August Hungary opens its border with Austria: the first breach in the Iron Curtain.

1989 European construction was affected

Fall of the Berlin Wall

9 November opens German reunification and, in time, that of the continent.

2004 European construction took part

The big bang enlargement

Ten states, eight of them formerly communist, join the Union: the continent’s division ends.

2015 European construction was affected

Migration crisis

More than a million asylum seekers arrive in a single year; Schengen is put to the test.

Political landscape

Results of the June 2024 European election and their translation into European Parliament groups.

Fidesz-KDNP — Fidesz — Magyar Polgári Szövetség — Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt 11
Tisza — Tisztelet és Szabadság Párt 7
DK-MSZP-P — Demokratikus Koalíció — MSZP — Párbeszéd 2
Mi Hazánk — Mi Hazánk Mozgalom 1

Distribution of European seats

Patriots for Europe Group 11
Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) 7
Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament 2
Europe of Sovereign Nations Group 1

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The state in numbers

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Public debt, % of GDP 75.6 % 2.0 % GDP per head (EU = 100) 76.2 0.4 Government spending, % of GDP 47.1 % 2.4 % Total tax burden, % of GDP 35.4 % 0.1 % Prisoners per 100,000 people 192.6 5.8