Una historia común

La construcción europea no empezó en 1950. Este hilo une la herencia antigua, la matriz judeocristiana y la Unión contemporánea.

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326 acontecimientos

3600 a. C. primer hito

46 países representados

0 ya debatidos

Densidad de acontecimientos

Un siglo por barra antes de 1500 y una década después: los archivos no se reparten por igual.

Grecia antigua Alta Edad Media Renacimiento Ilustración Concierto europeo Construcción europea Roma Plena y Baja Edad Media Reforma y guerras de religión Era de las revoluciones Guerras mundiales Guerra Fría

1860 1914 1969

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55 acontecimientos

1850 1874

Concierto europeo 4 acontecimientos

1867 Tratado Edad Moderna Luxemburgo

Treaty of London

The fortress is dismantled and the country’s neutrality guaranteed by the powers.

1867 Tratado Edad Moderna Hungría

Austro-Hungarian Compromise

Budapest becomes the second capital of an empire of fifty million people.

1871 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Alemania

Proclamation of the German Empire

At Versailles, Bismarck completes unification. A first-rank industrial power arises at the centre of the continent.

1873 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Letonia

First song festival

Dozens of choirs gather in Riga: song becomes the nation’s political expression.

1875 1899

Concierto europeo 4 acontecimientos

1878 Tratado Edad Moderna Bulgaria

Treaty of Berlin

An autonomous Bulgarian principality is reborn after the Russo-Turkish war.

1878 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Serbia

Independence of Serbia recognised

The Congress of Berlin confirms Serbian sovereignty after four Ottoman centuries.

1878 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Montenegro

Independence of Montenegro recognised

The Congress of Berlin confirms a state the Ottomans had never fully subdued.

1878 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Bosnia y Herzegovina

Austro-Hungarian administration

The Congress of Berlin entrusts Bosnia to Vienna, which annexes it in 1908.

1900 1924

Concierto europeo 20 acontecimientos

1900 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Austria

Vienna 1900

Freud, Klimt, Mahler, Wittgenstein: the capital becomes the laboratory of European modernity.

1903 Guerra Edad Moderna Macedonia del Norte

Ilinden Uprising

The revolt against the Ottomans becomes the founding reference of the Macedonian state.

1905 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Noruega Suecia

Independence of Norway

The union with Sweden is peacefully dissolved after a massive referendum.

1906 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Finlandia

Universal suffrage

Finland is the first country in Europe to grant women both the vote and eligibility for office.

1910 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Portugal

Proclamation of the Republic in Portugal

The monarchy falls; the instability that follows will open the way to the Estado Novo.

1912 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Albania

Independence of Albania

Proclaimed at Vlora on 28 November, at the end of the Balkan wars.

1914 Guerra Época contemporánea Serbia

Sarajevo assassination

The killing of the archduke sets off the chain reaction of the First World War.

1914 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Bélgica

Violation of neutrality

The German invasion brings the United Kingdom into the war and freezes the Yser front.

1916 Guerra Época contemporánea Irlanda

Easter Rising

The Dublin revolt, at first isolated, sets the independence process in motion.

1917 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Finlandia

Independence of Finland

On 6 December Finland separates from revolutionary Russia.

1918 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Rumanía

Greater Romania

Union with Transylvania and Bessarabia doubles the territory and population.

1918 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Chequia

Birth of Czechoslovakia

Masaryk founds a parliamentary democracy that will remain unique in Central Europe.

1918 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Letonia

Proclamation of independence

On 18 November the Republic of Latvia is proclaimed in Riga.

1918 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Estonia

Independence of Estonia

Proclaimed on 24 February, it is successfully defended in the war of liberation.

1918 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Eslovenia

Entry into Yugoslavia

The fall of Austria-Hungary brings Slovenia into the kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

1918 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Montenegro

End of the kingdom

Montenegro is absorbed into the kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

1918 Acontecimiento Edad Moderna Moldavia Rumanía

Union with Romania

The Sfatul Țării votes for union, annulled by the USSR in 1940.

1920 Tratado Edad Moderna Hungría

Treaty of Trianon

Hungary loses two-thirds of its territory; three million Magyars become minorities.

1923 Institución Época contemporánea Turquía

Founding of the Republic

Mustafa Kemal launches rapid Westernisation: Latin alphabet, Swiss civil code, secularism.

1923 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Liechtenstein Suiza

Customs union with Switzerland

The Swiss franc becomes official currency; Bern represents the principality abroad.

1925 1949

Guerras mundiales 14 acontecimientos

1929 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Ciudad del Vaticano

Lateran Accords

Vatican City State is created; the Roman question is closed.

1932 Catástrofe Época contemporánea Ucrania

Holodomor

The famine engineered by Stalin kills millions; several states recognise it as genocide.

1939 Guerra Época contemporánea Polonia

Invasion and occupation

Invaded by Germany then the USSR, Poland loses nearly a fifth of its population.

1939 Guerra Época contemporánea Finlandia

Winter War

Facing Soviet invasion, Finnish resistance saves independence at the cost of Karelia.

1941 Guerra Época contemporánea Bielorrusia

Occupation and destruction

A quarter of the population perishes; hundreds of villages are razed.

1942 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Malta

George Cross

King George VI decorates the entire island for its endurance under bombardment.

1943 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Bulgaria

Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews

Under pressure from the Orthodox Church and parliamentarians, deportation is cancelled.

1943 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Dinamarca

Rescue of the Danish Jews

In a few nights, more than 7,000 Jews are evacuated to neutral Sweden.

1944 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Islandia

Proclamation of the Republic in Iceland

On 17 June, at Þingvellir, Iceland breaks the link with the Danish crown.

1944 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea San Marino

Sheltering refugees

The neutral republic houses more than 100,000 people, ten times its population.

1944 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Países Bajos

Benelux customs union

Signed in London by the governments in exile, it prefigures the common market.

1944 Guerra Época contemporánea Eslovaquia

Slovak National Uprising

One of the largest armed revolts against the Axis in occupied Europe.

1949 Texto Época contemporánea Alemania

Bonn Basic Law

“Human dignity shall be inviolable”: Article 1 places the person — a Christian and humanist legacy — at the summit of the legal order.

1949 Institución Construcción europea

Council of Europe

Ten states found in London the first European political organisation, matrix of the Convention on Human Rights.

1950 1974

Construcción europea 13 acontecimientos

1950 Texto Construcción europea

Schuman Declaration

On 9 May France proposes placing coal and steel under a common authority. Community Europe is born of a material pooling.

1951 Tratado Construcción europea

Treaty of Paris — ECSC

Six states create the European Coal and Steel Community, the continent’s first supranational institution.

1952 Guerra Construcción europea Luxemburgo

Seat of the High Authority

Europe’s first supranational institution settles in Luxembourg.

1955 Tratado Época contemporánea Austria

Austrian State Treaty

The four powers withdraw; Austria proclaims perpetual neutrality.

1956 Guerra Época contemporánea Hungría

Budapest uprising

The revolt is crushed by the Red Army; 200,000 Hungarians go into exile.

1957 Acontecimiento Construcción europea

Treaties of Rome

The EEC and Euratom are established; the common market and the four freedoms are laid down.

1957 Texto Construcción europea Bélgica

The Spaak Report

Belgian Paul-Henri Spaak drafts the preparatory text of the Treaties of Rome.

1960 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Chipre

Independence of Cyprus

The Republic of Cyprus is born of a compromise between Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

1962 Religión Época contemporánea Ciudad del Vaticano

Second Vatican Council

The Church reforms its liturgy and redefines its relations with the modern world and Judaism.

1963 Tratado Construcción europea Francia

Élysée Treaty

De Gaulle and Adenauer seal Franco-German reconciliation, the institutional engine of integration.

1963 Tratado Construcción europea Turquía

Ankara Agreement

Association with the EEC explicitly envisages an accession perspective.

1963 Texto Construcción europea

Van Gend en Loos judgment

The Court of Justice asserts direct effect: Community law creates rights for citizens themselves.

1964 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Malta

Independence of Malta

Malta leaves the British Empire and becomes a republic ten years later.