1920 Tratado Edad Moderna Hungría
Treaty of Trianon
Hungary loses two-thirds of its territory; three million Magyars become minorities.
Una historia común
La construcción europea no empezó en 1950. Este hilo une la herencia antigua, la matriz judeocristiana y la Unión contemporánea.
326
acontecimientos
3600 a. C.
primer hito
46
países representados
0
ya debatidos
Densidad de acontecimientos
Un siglo por barra antes de 1500 y una década después: los archivos no se reparten por igual.
1920 :
4 acontecimientos
1930 :
3 acontecimientos
1940 :
10 acontecimientos
1950 :
7 acontecimientos
1960 :
10 acontecimientos
1970 :
10 acontecimientos
1980 :
15 acontecimientos
1990 :
29 acontecimientos
2000 :
17 acontecimientos
2010 :
10 acontecimientos
Grecia antigua
Alta Edad Media
Renacimiento
Ilustración
Concierto europeo
Construcción europea
Roma
Plena y Baja Edad Media
Reforma y guerras de religión
Era de las revoluciones
Guerras mundiales
Guerra Fría
1920
1969
2019
115 acontecimientos
1900 1924
Concierto europeo 3 acontecimientos1923 Institución Época contemporánea Turquía
Founding of the Republic
Mustafa Kemal launches rapid Westernisation: Latin alphabet, Swiss civil code, secularism.
1923 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Liechtenstein Suiza
Customs union with Switzerland
The Swiss franc becomes official currency; Bern represents the principality abroad.
1925 1949
Guerras mundiales 14 acontecimientos1929 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Ciudad del Vaticano
Lateran Accords
Vatican City State is created; the Roman question is closed.
1932 Catástrofe Época contemporánea Ucrania
Holodomor
The famine engineered by Stalin kills millions; several states recognise it as genocide.
1939 Guerra Época contemporánea Polonia
Invasion and occupation
Invaded by Germany then the USSR, Poland loses nearly a fifth of its population.
1939 Guerra Época contemporánea Finlandia
Winter War
Facing Soviet invasion, Finnish resistance saves independence at the cost of Karelia.
1941 Guerra Época contemporánea Bielorrusia
Occupation and destruction
A quarter of the population perishes; hundreds of villages are razed.
1942 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Malta
George Cross
King George VI decorates the entire island for its endurance under bombardment.
1943 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Bulgaria
Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews
Under pressure from the Orthodox Church and parliamentarians, deportation is cancelled.
1943 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Dinamarca
Rescue of the Danish Jews
In a few nights, more than 7,000 Jews are evacuated to neutral Sweden.
1944 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Islandia
Proclamation of the Republic in Iceland
On 17 June, at Þingvellir, Iceland breaks the link with the Danish crown.
1944 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea San Marino
Sheltering refugees
The neutral republic houses more than 100,000 people, ten times its population.
1944 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Países Bajos
Benelux customs union
Signed in London by the governments in exile, it prefigures the common market.
1944 Guerra Época contemporánea Eslovaquia
Slovak National Uprising
One of the largest armed revolts against the Axis in occupied Europe.
1949 Texto Época contemporánea Alemania
Bonn Basic Law
“Human dignity shall be inviolable”: Article 1 places the person — a Christian and humanist legacy — at the summit of the legal order.
1949 Institución Construcción europea
Council of Europe
Ten states found in London the first European political organisation, matrix of the Convention on Human Rights.
1950 1974
Construcción europea 24 acontecimientos1950 Texto Construcción europea
Schuman Declaration
On 9 May France proposes placing coal and steel under a common authority. Community Europe is born of a material pooling.
1951 Tratado Construcción europea
Treaty of Paris — ECSC
Six states create the European Coal and Steel Community, the continent’s first supranational institution.
1952 Guerra Construcción europea Luxemburgo
Seat of the High Authority
Europe’s first supranational institution settles in Luxembourg.
1955 Tratado Época contemporánea Austria
Austrian State Treaty
The four powers withdraw; Austria proclaims perpetual neutrality.
1956 Guerra Época contemporánea Hungría
Budapest uprising
The revolt is crushed by the Red Army; 200,000 Hungarians go into exile.
1957 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Treaties of Rome
The EEC and Euratom are established; the common market and the four freedoms are laid down.
1957 Texto Construcción europea Bélgica
The Spaak Report
Belgian Paul-Henri Spaak drafts the preparatory text of the Treaties of Rome.
1960 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Chipre
Independence of Cyprus
The Republic of Cyprus is born of a compromise between Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
1962 Religión Época contemporánea Ciudad del Vaticano
Second Vatican Council
The Church reforms its liturgy and redefines its relations with the modern world and Judaism.
1963 Tratado Construcción europea Francia
Élysée Treaty
De Gaulle and Adenauer seal Franco-German reconciliation, the institutional engine of integration.
1963 Tratado Construcción europea Turquía
Ankara Agreement
Association with the EEC explicitly envisages an accession perspective.
1963 Texto Construcción europea
Van Gend en Loos judgment
The Court of Justice asserts direct effect: Community law creates rights for citizens themselves.
1964 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Malta
Independence of Malta
Malta leaves the British Empire and becomes a republic ten years later.
1967 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Albania
Religion banned
Albania proclaims itself the world’s first atheist state; churches and mosques are closed.
1968 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Chequia
Prague Spring
“Socialism with a human face” is crushed by Warsaw Pact tanks in August.
1968 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Customs union
Internal tariffs disappear eighteen months ahead of schedule.
1969 Descubrimiento Época contemporánea Noruega
Discovery of Ekofisk
North Sea oil transforms the economy and founds the Norwegian sovereign wealth fund.
1973 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Dinamarca
Accession of Denmark to the Communities
The first Nordic member, Denmark enters alongside the United Kingdom and Ireland.
1973 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Irlanda
Accession of Ireland to the Communities
Ireland joins with the United Kingdom and begins its economic transformation.
1973 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Reino Unido
Accession of the United Kingdom to the Communities
After two French vetoes, the United Kingdom enters the EEC with Denmark and Ireland.
1973 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
First enlargement
Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the Communities, which grow from six to nine.
1974 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Portugal
Carnation Revolution
On 25 April an almost bloodless military coup restores democracy.
1974 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Chipre
Division of the island
The coup and Turkish intervention cut Cyprus in two; the Green Line crosses Nicosia.
1974 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Kosovo
Constitutional autonomy
The Yugoslav constitution grants Kosovo near-republican attributes.
1975 1999
Construcción europea 47 acontecimientos1975 Tratado Construcción europea Finlandia
Helsinki Final Act
Thirty-five states sign a text placing human rights at the heart of détente.
1978 Texto Época contemporánea España
Democratic constitution of Spain
Three years after Franco, Spain adopts a parliamentary monarchy and a state of autonomies.
1979 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
First European elections
For the first time citizens directly elect their MEPs; Simone Veil chairs the assembly.
1980 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Polonia
Solidarity
At the Gdańsk shipyards the Soviet bloc’s first free trade union is born. Communism loses its workers’ legitimacy.
1980 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Islandia
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir
Iceland elects the world’s first woman head of state by direct universal suffrage.
1981 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Grecia
Accession of Greece to the Communities
As the tenth member, Greece anchors its restored democracy in Community Europe.
1984 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Liechtenstein
Women’s suffrage
The last country in Europe to grant it, by a male-only referendum.
1985 Tratado Construcción europea
Schengen Agreement
Five states sign on the Moselle an agreement progressively abolishing internal border controls.
1986 Acontecimiento Construcción europea España
Accession of Spain to the Communities
With Portugal, Spain joins the EEC: southern enlargement consecrates democratisation.
1986 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Portugal
Accession of Portugal to the Communities
Portugal joins the EEC on the same day as Spain and begins rapid economic catch-up.
1986 Catástrofe Época contemporánea Bielorrusia
Chernobyl fallout
Nearly 70 % of the radioactive fallout lands on Belarusian territory.
1986 Tratado Construcción europea
Single European Act
The internal market is scheduled for 1993 and qualified majority voting extended.
1988 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Estonia
Singing Revolution
Three hundred thousand Estonians sing banned anthems together: dissent becomes massive.
1989 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Rumanía
December revolution
The only violent fall of a European communist regime; Ceaușescu is executed on 25 December.
1989 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Chequia
Velvet Revolution
In a few weeks and without violence the regime falls; Václav Havel becomes president.
1989 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Hungría
Pan-European Picnic
On 19 August Hungary opens its border with Austria: the first breach in the Iron Curtain.
1989 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Lituania
Baltic Way
Two million people form a human chain from Tallinn to Vilnius.
1989 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Fall of the Berlin Wall
9 November opens German reunification and, in time, that of the continent.
1990 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Alemania
German reunification
A year after the Wall fell, the five eastern Länder join the Federal Republic and the European Community.
1990 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Lituania
Independence restored
On 11 March Lithuania is the first republic to leave the USSR.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Croacia
Independence of Croatia
The declaration of 25 June opens four years of war on Croatian territory.
1991 Guerra Época contemporánea Eslovenia
Ten-Day War
Slovenia leaves Yugoslavia after the shortest of the decade’s conflicts.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Letonia
Independence of Latvia restored
After the Singing Revolution, Latvia regains its sovereignty.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Estonia
Independence of Estonia restored
On 20 August Estonia again proclaims its sovereignty.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Ucrania
Independence of Ukraine
More than 90 % of voters approve leaving the USSR on 1 December.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Albania
End of the communist regime
After forty-seven years of isolation, pluralism is restored.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Macedonia del Norte
Peaceful independence
The only Yugoslav republic to separate without war.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Moldavia
Independence of Moldova
The republic proclaims sovereignty on 27 August, days after the Moscow putsch.
1991 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Bielorrusia
Independence of Belarus
The Belavezha Accords, signed in Belarus, formalise the dissolution of the USSR.
1992 Guerra Época contemporánea Bosnia y Herzegovina
Bosnian War
The siege of Sarajevo lasts 1,425 days; Srebrenica is recognised as genocide.
1992 Tratado Construcción europea
Maastricht Treaty
The European Union is created, with European citizenship and the timetable for the single currency.
1992 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Suiza
Rejection of the EEA
The people reject the European Economic Area; the bilateral path prevails.
1992 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Moldavia
Transnistria conflict
A ceasefire freezes a de facto secession that has lasted more than thirty years.
1993 Texto Época contemporánea Andorra
Democratic constitution of Andorra
Andorra becomes a sovereign state under the rule of law and joins the UN the same year.
1993 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Eslovaquia
Independence of Slovakia
On 1 January the Slovak Republic is born of a negotiated, peaceful separation.
1993 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Bélgica
Federal Belgium
The fourth state reform enshrines in the Constitution a federal state of communities and regions.
1993 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Chequia Eslovaquia
Velvet Divorce
Czechia and Slovakia separate peacefully on 1 January, a rare case in Europe.
1994 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Noruega
Second rejection of membership
52.2 % of Norwegians reject Union entry; the EEA takes over.
1995 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Bosnia y Herzegovina
Dayton Accords
Peace establishes a two-entity state whose architecture still governs the country.
1995 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Suecia
Accession of Sweden to the Union
With Austria and Finland, Sweden joins the EU; it will reject the euro by referendum in 2003.
1995 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Liechtenstein
EEA accession
The principality joins the European internal market without entering the Union.
1995 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Austria
Accession of Austria to the Union
Austria joins the EU by referendum and becomes a pivot towards Central Europe.
1995 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Nordic enlargement
Austria, Finland and Sweden bring the Union to fifteen members.
1998 Tratado Época contemporánea Irlanda
Good Friday Agreement
Thirty years of conflict end; the Irish border becomes invisible.
1999 Guerra Época contemporánea Kosovo
NATO intervention
After months of conflict, the territory passes under United Nations administration.
1999 Tratado Construcción europea Turquía
Candidate status for Türkiye
The Helsinki European Council recognises Türkiye as a candidate country.
1999 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Birth of the euro
Eleven currencies are irrevocably fixed; the European Central Bank takes up its functions.
2000 2024
Construcción europea 27 acontecimientos2002 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
Euro notes and coins
Three hundred million Europeans change currency on 1 January.
2002 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Montenegro
Unilateral euro adoption
Without being in the euro area, the country makes the euro its official currency.
2002 Tratado Época contemporánea Mónaco Francia
Friendship treaty with France
The text modernises the bilateral relationship and secures dynastic succession.
2004 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
The big bang enlargement
Ten states, eight of them formerly communist, join the Union: the continent’s division ends.
2004 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Polonia
Accession of Poland to the Union
With nine other states, Poland joins the EU: the political reunification of the continent.
2004 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Eslovenia
Accession of Slovenia to the Union
The only former Yugoslav republic in the great enlargement of 2004.
2004 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Chipre
Accession of Cyprus to the Union
Cyprus joins the EU; the acquis remains suspended in the northern part of the island.
2004 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Malta
Accession of Malta to the Union
The smallest member state joins the EU and adopts the euro four years later.
2005 Descubrimiento Época contemporánea Estonia
First national online vote
Estonia becomes the first country in the world to hold elections over the internet.
2006 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Montenegro
Independence referendum
55.5 % of voters choose separation from Serbia.
2007 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Rumanía
Accession of Romania to the Union
With Bulgaria, Romania joins the EU and becomes its eastern frontier on the Black Sea.
2007 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Eslovenia
Euro adoption in Slovenia
The first of the 2004 new member states to join the single currency.
2008 Texto Época contemporánea Kosovo
Declaration of independence
On 17 February Pristina proclaims independence; recognition remains partial.
2008 Catástrofe Época contemporánea Islandia
Banking collapse
The three big banks fail; the crisis leads to an EU application, withdrawn in 2015.
2008 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Suiza
Schengen entry
Without Union membership, Switzerland abolishes its border controls.
2009 Tratado Construcción europea
Treaty of Lisbon
The Charter of Fundamental Rights becomes binding; Parliament becomes a full co-legislator.
2009 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Eslovaquia
Euro adoption in Slovakia
The first Visegrád economy to join the euro area.
2010 Catástrofe Construcción europea
Sovereign debt crisis
The euro area urgently creates unprecedented financial solidarity mechanisms.
2011 Tratado Construcción europea Andorra
Monetary agreement with the EU
The principality is authorised to mint its own euro coins.
2012 Tratado Construcción europea Serbia
Candidate status for Serbia
Serbia becomes a Union candidate; negotiations open in 2014.
2013 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Ucrania
Euromaidan
The refusal to sign the EU association agreement triggers months of protest.
2013 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Croacia
Accession of Croatia to the Union
As the twenty-eighth member state, Croatia is the first Western Balkan country to enter.
2014 Acontecimiento Construcción europea Letonia
Euro adoption in Latvia
The lats gives way to the euro five years after one of Europe’s severest financial crises.
2015 Catástrofe Construcción europea
Migration crisis
More than a million asylum seekers arrive in a single year; Schengen is put to the test.
2016 Acontecimiento Construcción europea
British referendum
51.9 % of voters choose to leave the Union: a first in the history of European construction.
2017 Acontecimiento Época contemporánea Montenegro
NATO accession of Montenegro
The country joins the Alliance despite strong internal opposition.
2018 Tratado Construcción europea Macedonia del Norte Grecia
Prespa Agreement
The compromise with Greece over the name unlocks thirty years of diplomatic deadlock.